Compositions and methods for nutritional supplements

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods are presented in which a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols inhibit multiple enzymes in pathways associated with health and healthy ageing. Preferred compositions are derived from colored plant materials that are commonly found in the Mediterranean diet and provide the biochemical basis for the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Notably, the enzyme inhibition observed with the combined polyphenols was synergistic with respect to not one but a significant number of enzymes in the pathways associated with health and healthy ageing, thus providing an amplified desirable effect.

This application claims priority to our co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/360,261, which was filed Jun. 28, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Pat. No. 11,065,295, filed Feb. 4, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/970,615, filed Feb. 5, 2020, Ser. No. 63/010,183, filed Apr. 15, 2020, and Ser. No. 63/086,207, filed Oct. 1, 2020, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention is compositions and methods for nutritional supplements, especially as it relates polyphenols and polyphenol mixtures commonly associated with a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and their use in conditions, disorders, and diseases associated with various enzymes inhibited by such polyphenol mixtures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

All publications and patent applications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.

There is a considerable variety of vitamins and other isolated nutritional compounds, and alleged benefits of such compounds include, among numerous other effects, immune support, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-ageing effects, cardiac support, and digestive support. Unfortunately, there is only a rather small body of evidence that substantiates some aspects of these alleged benefits when these vitamins and other isolated nutritional compounds are ingested. Similarly, where the nutritional supplement is an extract or powdered form of a plant part, various benefits are advertised, but actual benefits are often poorly or even not at all proven. Moreover, isolated nutritional compounds as well as individual plant extracts and concentrates are generally not reflective of a healthy diet.

Notably, there are certain geographic and ethnographic diet types that are associated with overall health, longevity, and/or physical resilience, and such beneficial effects are indeed well documented and substantiated. For example, the Mediterranean diet is typically associated with lower cardiovascular risk factors (see e.g., Nutrients 2018, 10, 379; doi:10.3390/nu10030379), lower inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, a reduction in risk of Alzheimer's disease (see e.g., J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 22(2): 483-492.), and with a reduction in certain inflammatory markers (see e.g., Nutrients 2018, 10, 62; doi:10.3390/nu10010062). One common ingredient class found in such diets are polyphenols, and various studies have been published regarding specific benefits of individual dietary polyphenols (see e.g., Inhibitory Properties of Phenolic Compounds Against Enzymes Linked with Human Diseases: URL: dx.doi org/10.5772/66844), and selected colored polyphenols (see e.g., Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol. 2020. 11:10.1-10.38). However, due to the complexity and large number of chemically distinct polyphenols, many studies only focus on single polyphenols and particular biochemical effects of such compounds or provide general epidemiological information without more detailed molecular characterization of the diets.

In an effort to supplement a diet with multiple polyphenols, various supplements are known. For example, Vital Reds (by Gundry MD) provides a commercially available concentrated polyphenol powder blend from a number of red colored plant materials to increase energy and improve digestion. Such blend advantageously includes a variety of chemically distinct polyphenols. However, the selection of plant materials used as a source of polyphenols is not reflective of common dietary intake. Similarly, Oxxynea by Fytexia, a commercially available mixture of grape, olive, pomegranate, green tea, grapefruit, bilberry, and orange extracts is offered as an antioxidant formulation to protect cells from oxidative stress (see e.g., Oxxynea by Fytexia). While beneficial to reduce oxidative stress, the source ingredients for such antioxidant formulation are once more not reflective of a common dietary intake. Surprisingly, despite the numerous beneficial components found in various dietary supplements, there is no supplement that is expected to provide the various benefits of a Mediterranean diet, and particularly the benefits of colored polyphenolic components in Mediterranean diet.

Thus, even though various nutritional supplements are known in the art, all or almost all of them suffer from various disadvantages. Consequently, there is a need to provide improved compositions and methods for nutritional supplements, and especially beneficial/synergistic combinations of polyphenols known to be associated with healthy diets such as the Mediterranean diet.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventor has now discovered various compositions and methods for specific combinations of polyphenols and/or polyphenol-rich materials (e.g., extracts and powders) commonly found in food items of the Mediterranean diet that exhibited, when combined, numerous benefits associated with the benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Indeed, the compositions and methods disclosed herein had substantial, and in some cases significant synergistic effect on a variety of molecular biomarkers associated with the benefits of the Mediterranean diet such as markers for ageing, senescence, inflammation, immune function, NAD/energy metabolism, and the gut microbiome.

In one aspect of the inventive subject matter, the inventor contemplates a nutritional composition that comprises a nutritionally acceptable carrier in combination with a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color. Preferably, the chemically distinct polyphenols from the plant materials are present as a synergistic combination with respect to inhibition of at least one biochemical marker selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD38, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3.

For example, in some embodiments the red colored plant materials comprise at least one (or two, or three, or all of) of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials comprise at least one (or two, or three, or all of) of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials comprise at least one (or two, or three, or all of) of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials comprise at least one (or two, or three, or all of) of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

In further aspect of the inventive subject matter, the chemically distinct polyphenols further inhibit at least one additional biochemical marker selected from the group consisting of ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S. Moreover, contemplated compositions may further inhibit Keap/Nrf2 binding and/or ACE2/Spike binding.

Most typically, but not necessarily, the composition is formulated in single dosage units for oral administration (e.g., each containing between 50 and 1,000 mg of the composition), which may be formulated as a capsule, a gummy, or a powder. Where desired, the composition may further comprise a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic.

Therefore, in another aspect of the inventive subject matter, the inventor contemplates a nutritional composition that includes a nutritionally acceptable carrier in combination with a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenol-containing plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color. Most preferably, the red colored plant materials comprise an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder; the green colored plant materials comprise an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder; the orange-yellow colored plant materials comprise an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder; and the purple-blue colored plant materials comprise a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder. For example, the apple extract, the pomegranate extract, the olive extract, the rosemary extract, the green coffee bean extract, the onion extract, the ginger extract, the grapefruit extract, the grape extract, and the blueberry extract may be ethanol extracts or ethanol/water extracts.

In such compositions the combination of plant materials is a synergistic combination with respect to inhibition of at least one biochemical marker selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD38, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3, and especially with respect to inhibition of BACE1, CD38, and CD73. Preferred compositions further inhibit at least one additional biochemical marker selected from the group consisting of ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S, and may also inhibit Keap/Nrf2 binding and/or ACE2/Spike binding.

As before, it is preferred (but not needed) that the composition is formulated in single dosage units for oral administration. Typically, the dosage unit contains between 50 and 1,000 mg of the composition, and is formulated as a capsule, a gummy, or a powder. Where desired, contemplated compositions may further comprise a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic.

Among other uses, contemplated compositions will be effective to treat and/or reduce a symptom of inflammatory condition, a cardiovascular condition, a neurological condition, a metabolic condition, and a cancer.

Therefore, the inventor also contemplates a method of supporting health of an individual that comprises a step of administering the compositions presented herein. For example, the composition may be administered to thereby provide immune support, metabolic support, support longevity, support central nervous system (CNS) function, reduce an inflammatory response, reduce effects of cardiovascular disease, and reduce the rate of amyloid beta plaque formation.

In further examples of such methods, the composition is orally administered over at least 30 days, typically at a daily dose of between 50 and 1,000 mg. As noted earlier, contemplated compositions may further comprise a step of co-administering a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic (which may be performed in the same dosage unit or individually).

In another aspect of the inventive subject matter the inventor also contemplates a method of reducing an NAD+ decrease (e.g., age-related NAD+ decrease) in an individual that includes a step of administering to the individual a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color wherein the combination synergistically inhibits CD38. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials.

Preferably, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

In a further aspect of the inventive subject matter the inventor contemplates a method of supporting longevity of an individual that includes a step of administering to the individual a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color wherein the combination synergistically inhibits CD73. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials.

Preferably, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

In yet another aspect of the inventive subject matter the inventor contemplates a method of supporting cognitive function of an individual that includes a step of administering a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color wherein the combination synergistically inhibits BACE1. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials, and administration increases immune function to thereby support longevity and/or reduces the rate of amyloid beta plaque formation.

Preferably, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

In still another aspect of the inventive subject matter the inventor contemplates a method of supporting central nervous system (CNS) function in an individual that includes a step of administering a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color wherein the combination synergistically inhibits CDK5. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials, and administration reduces age-related cognitive decline.

Preferably, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

In a further aspect of the inventive subject matter the inventor contemplates a method of supporting immune function in an individual that includes a step of administering a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color wherein the combination synergistically inhibits at least one of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials, and administration reduces a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel disease.

Preferably, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

Additionally, the inventor also contemplates a method of inhibiting at least one of BACE1, CD38, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 that includes a step of contacting at least one of the BACE1, the CD38, the CD73, the CDK5, the JAK1, the JAK2, and the JAK3 with a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color, wherein the chemically distinct polyphenols from the plant materials are a synergistic combination with respect to inhibition of at least one biochemical marker selected from the group consisting of the BACE1, the CD38, the CD73, the CDK5, the JAK1, the JAK2, and the JAK3. In some embodiments, the polyphenols are provided in from of the plant materials.

For example, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

Advantageously, the step of contacting is performed in vivo (e.g., oral administration to a mammal), and administration of the plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols provides immune support, metabolic support, support longevity, supports central nervous system (CNS) function, reduces an inflammatory response, reduces effects of cardiovascular disease, and/or reduces the rate of amyloid beta plaque formation.

Viewed from a different perspective, the inventor also contemplates a method of treating a condition that is associated with activity of at least one of BACE1, CD38, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S in a mammal. Such method will typically include a step of administering to the mammal a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols in an amount effective to inhibit at least one of the BACE1, the CD38, the CD73, the CDK5, the JAK1, the JAK2, the JAK3, the ARG-1, the ARG-2, the SIRT-1, the CD39, the IDO1, the IDO2, the NAMPT, the PCSK9, the CD47, and the Cathepsin S. In preferred embodiments, the chemically distinct polyphenols synergistically inhibit BACE1, CD38, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, and/or JAK3.

For example, the condition may be an inflammatory condition, a cardiovascular condition, a neurological condition, a metabolic condition, and/or a cancer. Where desired, the plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols are from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color. For example, the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder. It should also be appreciated that the polyphenols may be provided in from of the plant materials.

Moreover, it is contemplated that the plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols may be orally administered to the mammal, typically at a daily dosage of between 50 and 1,000 mg. Where desired, such methods may further comprise a step of co-administering to the mammal a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic.

In still further contemplated embodiments, the chemically distinct polyphenols are administered in an amount effective to inhibit at least three (or at least five or at least ten or all) of the BACE1, the CD38, the CD73, the CDK5, the JAK1, the JAK2, the JAK3, the ARG-1, the ARG-2, the SIRT-1, the CD39, the IDO1, the IDO2, the NAMPT, the PCSK9, the CD47, and the Cathepsin S.

Therefore, and viewed from a different perspective, the inventor also contemplates the use of a plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols to support healthy ageing. Moreover, it is contemplated that the plurality of chemically distinct polyphenols in such use further inhibit SIRT-1, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, Keap/Nrf2 binding, and/or ACE2/Spike binding, and/or that the chemically distinct polyphenols synergistically inhibit the BACE1, the CD38, the CD73, the CDK5, the JAK1, the JAK2, and/or the JAK3.

As before, it is preferred that the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.

Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a graph depicting exemplary results for ARG-1 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 2 is a graph depicting exemplary results for ARG-2 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 3 is a graph depicting exemplary results for SIRT1 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 4 is a graph depicting exemplary results for Keap1-Nrf2 binding inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 5 is a graph depicting exemplary results for ACE2-Spike S1 binding inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting exemplary results for ACE2-Spike S1 binding inhibition using a multivitamin composition.

FIG. 7 is a graph depicting exemplary results for ACE2-Spike S1 binding inhibition using various further compositions according to the inventive subject matter

FIG. 8 is a graph depicting exemplary results for BACE1 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 9 is a graph depicting exemplary results for BACE1 inhibition using various further compositions according to the inventive subject matter and a multivitamin composition.

FIG. 10 is a graph depicting exemplary results for Cathepsin S inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 11 is a graph depicting exemplary results for Cathepsin S inhibition using various further compositions according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 12 is a graph depicting exemplary results for Cathepsin S inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter and a multivitamin composition.

FIG. 13 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CDK5/p25 binding inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 14 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CDK5/p25 binding inhibition using various further compositions according to the inventive subject matter and a multivitamin composition.

FIG. 15 is a graph depicting exemplary results for IDO1 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 16 is a graph depicting exemplary results for IDO2 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 17 is a graph depicting exemplary results for NAMPT inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 18 is a graph depicting exemplary results for PCSK9:LDLR binding inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 19 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD47 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 20 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD38 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 21 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD38 inhibition using further compositions according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 22 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD38 inhibition using known compositions containing nicotinamide riboside.

FIG. 23 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD38 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter and a known multivitamin composition.

FIG. 24 is a graph depicting exemplary results for JAK1 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 25 is a graph depicting exemplary results for JAK2 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 26 is a graph depicting exemplary results for JAK3 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 27 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD39 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 28 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD39 inhibition using a composition at low concentrations according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 29 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD39 inhibition using further compositions according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 30 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD39 inhibition using selected compositions according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 31 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD39 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter and a known multivitamin composition.

FIG. 32 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD73 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 33 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD73 inhibition using a composition at low concentrations according to the inventive subject matter.

FIG. 34 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD73 inhibition using further compositions according to the inventive subject matter

FIG. 35 is a graph depicting exemplary results for CD73 inhibition using a composition according to the inventive subject matter and a known multivitamin composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventor has discovered that specific combinations of polyphenol-containing materials (and polyphenols found therein) strongly modulated numerous biomarkers associated with the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet. In view of these findings, the inventor therefore contemplates various compositions for nutritional supplements and other nutritional products, compositions, and uses in medicinal food, and even use in medicine.

Most notably, the compositions presented herein had substantial and synergistic effects on a number of biomarkers associated with proper immune and CNS function, effective cellular metabolism, and longevity, and showed further significant effect on additional biomarkers associated with inflammatory responses, adverse effects of cardiovascular disease, and/or amyloid beta plaque formation. For example, the compositions and methods presented herein were demonstrated to have significant and beneficial effects on multiple enzymatic targets that are involved with numerous aspects of health and healthy ageing such as ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT1, BACE1, Cathepsin S, CDK5, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, CD38, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, CD39, and CD73, Keap/Nrf2. Viewed from a different perspective, it should be appreciated that the compositions presented herein are useful to beneficially affect multiple pathways associated with health and healthy ageing via inhibition of key signaling components and/or enzymes in these pathways. Remarkably, the observed modulation of these biomarkers using the compositions presented herein paralleled the profile of biomarkers in individuals that adhered to the Mediterranean diet and individuals with significant longevity.

For example, arginase 1 (ARG1) and arginase 2 (ARG2) are key enzymes in the urea cycle, cleaving L-arginine to form urea and L-omithine. The urea cycle provides protection against excess ammonia, while L-ornithine is required for cell proliferation, collagen formation, and other important physiological functions. Notably, increases in arginase activity in mammals have been linked to dysfunction and pathologies of the cardiovascular system, kidney, and central nervous system, and also to dysfunction of the immune system and development of cancer. Two important aspects of the excessive activity of arginase may be involved in diseases. First, overly active arginase can reduce the supply of L-arginine needed for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase. Second, excessive quantities of L-ornithine can lead to structural problems in the vasculature, neuronal toxicity, and abnormal growth of tumor cells (see e.g., Physiol Rev 98: 641-665, 2018). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that increased formation of reactive oxygen species and key inflammatory mediators promote a pathological elevation of arginase activity. As such, inhibition of ARG1 and ARG2 is thought to beneficially counteract the adverse effects of arginase overactivity. As is shown on more detail below, contemplated compositions were effective in inhibiting ARG1 and ARG2 activity even at relatively low concentrations.

In another example, sirtuin1 (SIRT1) is a nuclear enzyme that deacetylates transcription factors that contribute to cellular regulation, and particularly to reaction to stressors. For example, SIRT1 deacetylates members of the PGC1-alpha/ERR-alpha complex, which are critical metabolic regulatory transcription factors, and deacetylates/deactivates the p53 protein, which is a key factor in many neoplastic diseases. SIRT1 was also demonstrated to play a role in activating T helper 17 cells, which contribute to autoimmune disease. As is shown in more detail below, contemplated compositions were effective in mildly inhibiting SIRT1 activity at relatively moderate concentrations.

In yet another example, beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) has been shown to be essential for the generation of β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease and has also been reported to be associated with cognitive decline and decline in central nervous system (CNS) function (see e.g., Molecules. 2017 Oct. 13; 22(10):1723). Indeed, β-amyloid accumulation is a hallmark of ageing, and as such inhibitory compounds are thought to beneficially decelerate or even stop β-amyloid accumulation and as such preserve or maintain cognitive abilities and CNS function. As is described in more detail below, contemplated compositions have shown remarkable, strong, and even synergistic effect with regard to BACE 1 inhibition.

In yet another example, higher levels of Cathepsin S have been reported to be associated with higher risk of mortality and were in some studies also associated with higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (e.g., JAMA, Sep. 14, 2011—Vol 306, No. 10 1113). Other experimental studies have suggested that cathepsin S activity is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease via promotion of atherosclerotic plaques and destabilization of advanced plaques. Moreover, cathepsin S activity was also implicated in the development of cancer via stimulation of cancer cell migration and tumor angiogenesis, and higher levels of Cathepsin S activity was reported to be correlated with ageing of the brain. As such, reduced levels of Cathepsin S activity are believed to beneficially counteract these risks. Notably, contemplated compositions have shown remarkable and strong inhibitory effect with regard to BACE 1 inhibition.

Likewise, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) has been found to be essential to proper CNS function and its role in peripheral tissue and disease is growing. For example, acute CDK5 inhibition has a high potential therapeutic value to prevent neuronal injury in the events of stroke or brain injury, or during high-risk surgeries, such as neurovascular or cardiovascular surgeries, or potentially during prolonged, complicated labors. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK5 has been shown to protect neurons under a range of different stressful conditions and ageing (see e.g., Curr Pharm Des. 2016; 22(5): 527-534). Once more, contemplated compositions have shown remarkable, strong, and synergistic inhibitory effect with regard to CDK5 inhibition.

In still other example, Janus kinases 1, 2, and 3 (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3) are implicated in the regulation of cell cycle and cancer, presumably via NF-kB activation (see e.g., Cells 2020, 9, 1451). Moreover, small-molecule drugs that inhibit Janus kinases (JAK1-3) were essential signaling mediators downstream of many proinflammatory cytokines and have gained traction as safe and efficacious options for immune-mediated disorders. Not surprisingly, inhibition of JAKs has emerged as leading potential treatment of inflammation-driven pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as cardiovascular disease. Notably, contemplated compositions have shown remarkable, strong, and synergistic inhibitory effect with regard to JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 inhibition (especially at high concentrations).

In still further examples, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has emerged as a new treatment strategy for immune support, and particularly in the reversion of tumor-mediated immune suppression (see e.g., Cancer Res. 2017 Dec. 15; 77(24): 6795-6811). Similarly, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 (IDO2) has been implicated more recently in cancer, inflammation and immune control, and significant resources have been expended to identify IDO2 specific inhibitors. Increases in IDO1 and IDO2 activity have also been observed as a function of ageing (e.g., Immunity & Ageing 2011, 8:9), along with age related increase in inflammation, autoimmune disorders and malignancies. Remarkably, and as is shown in more detail below, contemplated compositions have shown strong inhibitory effect with regard to IDO1 and IDO2 inhibition.

With respect to energy metabolism, NAMPT and CD38 are known to modulate NAD+ in cells and as such are thought to be essential in maintaining and supporting of cellular energy and proper metabolic function. Indeed, overactivity of CD38 has been reported to increase with senescence (see e.g., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 May 28; 513(2): 486-493), cancer and ageing diseases (e.g., Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018 April; 39(4): 424-436), immunomodulation and metabolic diseases (see e.g., FIMMU May 2019, Vol. 10, Article 1187). On that backdrop, inhibition of CD38 is believed to reduce or even prevent diseases associated with CD38 overactivity. On the other hand, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) mediates the rate-limiting step of the NAD salvage pathway that maintains cellular bioenergetics and provides a necessary substrate for functions essential to cells, and especially rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Once more, contemplated compositions have shown strong and synergistic inhibitory effect with regard to CD38 inhibition, and strong inhibition with respect to NAMPT activity.

Moreover, overactivity of CD39 and CD73 have been reported to contribute to immune suppression, suppression of checkpoint inhibition in tumors, and other aspect of immune regulation (see e.g., FIMMU June 2017, Volume 8, Article 727; Immunol Rev. 2017 March; 276(1): 121-144). In addition, centenarians showed a significantly lower expression of CD39 and CD73 as compared to younger individuals (here: octogenarians), suggesting that the levels of CD39 as well as CD73 mRNA could be a hallmark of successful human ageing. Viewed from a different perspective, aging is associated with a decline in immune function and so contributes to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and higher incidence of malignant disease. Therefore, lower levels of CD39 activity are thought to be directly associated with healthy aging and longevity. Remarkably, contemplated compositions had a significant and synergistic effect in the inhibition of CD73 and a profound inhibitory effect on the activity of CD39 as is shown in more detail below. Likewise, CD47 inhibition was shown to lead to stimulation of phagocytosis of cancer cells and CD47 blockade not only enhanced the function of innate immune cells but also linked to adaptive immune responses (see e.g., Cell Reports 31, 107494 Apr. 14, 2020). Notably, contemplated compositions had a significant inhibitory effect in the inhibition of CD47 as is shown in further detail below.

In yet other examples, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been reported as a contributor to plasma cholesterol levels, and inhibitors targeting PCSK9 have reduced plasma cholesterol in human. Once more, and as shown in more detail below, contemplated compositions had a significant and synergistic effect in the inhibition of PCSK9.

Additionally, the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a major regulator of cytoprotective responses to endogenous and exogenous stresses caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nrf2 activates expression of a variety of genes encoding stress response proteins. Inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 binding are therefore thought to increase expression of stress response related proteins. Remarkably, and as shown in more detail below, contemplated compositions had a significant and effect in the inhibition of Keap1-Nrf2 binding (and as such increase availability of Nrf2).

Finally, the inventor also discovered that contemplated compositions also had inhibitory effect in ACE2-Spike protein binding, which is implicated in viral propagation of corona viruses, and especially Sars-CoV2. As will be readily appreciated, contemplated compositions may therefore provide at least some protective effect against corona viruses, and especially Sars-CoV2.

Based on his extensive research, the inventor has now discovered that specific blends of selected plant materials common in the Mediterranean diet can be prepared that mimic the benefits of the Mediterranean diet as evidenced in the modulation of biomarkers. Preferably, such blends are combinations of colored plant materials that belong to a number (e.g., at least two, at least three, or at least four) of different color groups, and particularly plant materials having a red color, green color, orange/yellow color, and/or purple/blue color. For example, in one embodiment of contemplated compositions, polyphenol-containing products/extracts were obtained from red colored source materials that included an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, tomato powder, and beet root; from green colored source materials that included an olive extract, rosemary extract, green coffee bean extract, and kale; from orange/yellow colored source materials that included an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and carrot; and from purple/blue colored source materials that included a grape extract, a blueberry extract, currant, and elderberry, and the particular ingredients and proportions are described in more detail below. Viewed from a different perspective, contemplated compositions will therefore include a large number of polyphenols that below to at least two, or at least three, or at least four different polyphenolic classes, including organic acids, phenolics, flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acids, betacyanins, etc. As will be readily appreciated, the particular choice of a plant material will depend on the desired (polyphenolic) component in the plant material and its effect on a particular biological system and/or signaling pathway.

Of course, it should also be appreciated that the plant materials may be provided in various forms, including whole plant materials or portions thereof (e.g., root, fruit, leaves, etc.) in fresh or dried form, juices or macerates from plant materials or portions thereof in fresh or dried form, and aqueous or aqueous/alcoholic extracts and chromatographic fractions of the aforementioned plant materials. Still further, it should be noted that one or more polyphenols of the plant materials may even be provided as purified (natural isolated or synthetic) chemical entities, typically with a chemical purity of at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 98%, or at least 99%. However, it should be recognized that in most embodiments the plant materials will be complex mixtures to provide a combination of desired biological effects on a number of distinct molecular entities (e.g., enzymes, receptors, ion channels) where at least some of the biological effects (e.g., at least one, or at least two, or at least three, etc.) are synergistic. Moreover, it is contemplated that the biological effects on the particular molecular entities will also be complementary in biological function. Therefore, and based on the testing and desired targets as described in more detail below, it should be appreciated that the compositions of the inventive subject matter may be formulated to meet a particular need. However, in especially preferred aspects contemplated compositions will inhibit multiple targets (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, etc.) in multiple and distinct (e.g., at least two, at least three, at least four, etc.) signaling pathways.

Consequently, and viewed from a different perspective, it should be appreciated that the mechanism of action of contemplated compositions is not limited to a single specific function (e.g., antioxidant) or limited to a specific chemical category (e.g., vitamins), but in fact complementarily and synergistically provides multiple biological activities across distinct metabolic and signaling pathways. As such, contemplated compositions and methods target a variety of biological systems, including energy metabolism, immune function, neural and CNS function, cardiac function, inflammation, etc. Notably, and as is described in more detail below, the compositions contemplated herein also affected a number of biomarkers associated with longevity (e.g., in blue zone populations such as Mediterranean population, Okinawan population, etc.) In addition, it is contemplated that the plant materials will also provide a variety of micro-nutrients to assist or complement the functions of the polyphenols and other colored pigments present in the compositions.

Consequently, it should be appreciated that the compositions contemplated herein may be advantageously used as a stand-alone product to support various aspects of health and healthy ageing such as support of proper immune function, support to reduce inflammation, support of normal NAD+ levels, support of cardiac health. In this context, it should be noted that the term “support” when used in conjunction with a physiological function or condition is intended to mean prevent decline of one or more components or activities of the component(s) associated with the physiological function or condition, at least partially reverse decline of one or more components or activities of the component(s) associated with the physiological function or condition, maintain normal function of one or more components or activities of the component(s) associated with the physiological function or condition, prevent abnormal overactivity (or over-expression) of one or more components associated with the physiological function or condition, and/or at least partially reverse abnormal overactivity (or over-expression) of one or more components associated with the physiological function or condition. Alternatively, the compositions contemplated herein may also be combined with other nutritional supplements and/or vitamins to provide beneficial effects otherwise not obtainable with such supplements or vitamins. In this context, it should be appreciated that most, if not all of the biomarkers tested herein were not substantially modulated by multivitamin compositions as is shown in more detail below. Thus, it should be recognized that the compositions resented herein present a new and different class of health support with a variety of beneficial effects that reach beyond the benefits of a multivitamin formulation.

In further contemplated aspects of the inventive subject matter it should be appreciated that the compositions presented herein may be formulated in a variety of forms, and particularly preferred formulations include those in combination with a nutritionally or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, most preferably for oral administration (however, parenteral administration is also expressly contemplated). Therefore, contemplated compositions can be formulated as solid or a liquid product. For example, where contemplated compositions are formulated as a solid product, suitable product forms include single dosage unit formulations such as capsules, tablets, and powders, while other solid formulations include snack bars, gummies, or other edible products onto which the composition is coated (e.g., onto cereal) or into which the composition is mixed or layered (e.g., into chewing gum). In another examples, where contemplated compositions are formulated as a liquid product, suitable product forms include flavored and/or carbonated beverages (e.g., tea, juice), functional beverages (e.g., sports or energy drinks) or infusions, or liquid dairy product (e.g., yoghourt, kefir).

Therefore, contemplated compositions may be provided in bulk, as part of an edible or drinkable product, and/or provided in single dosage units for consumption. Most typically, the daily dosage for contemplated compositions (excluding the carrier) is preferably at least 10 mg, or at least 100 mg, or at least 200 mg, or at least 300 mg, or at least 400 mg, or at least 500 mg, or at least 750 mg, or at least 1,000 mg, or at least 1,500 mg. For example, suitable dosages will be between 10-100 mg, or between 100-200 mg, or between 200-400 mg, or between 300-600 mg, or between 400-800 mg, or between 600-1,000 mg, or between 1,000-2,000 mg.

As will be readily appreciated, contemplated compositions may further be combined with one or more additional ingredients to impart further desirable functionalities, and suitable additional ingredients include vitamins (e.g., single vitamins, or vitamin blends such as multivitamin blends), dietary trace elements or minerals (e.g., individual elements or minerals, or mixtures of multiple elements or minerals in various forms), various specialty compounds and mixtures (e.g., compositions comprising nicotinamide riboside, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides), and/or one or more probiotic microorganisms (e.g., Lactobacillus spec., Bifidobacterium spec., Leukonostoc spec., Saccharomyces boulardii, etc.).

Of course, it should be recognized that the compositions according to the inventive subject matter may be administered not only to a human, but also to other non-human mammals, and especially livestock and companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, horses). Administration will typically be between once daily and three times daily (and in some cases even more) over a period of at least two days, three days, five days, 1 week, 2-4 weeks, 1-3 months, and even longer. Most typically, administration can be performed for a period sufficient to provide at least symptomatic relief of a condition (e.g., pain and swelling associated with inflammation, low energy level, frequent infections, etc.), or prophylactically to avoid or help reduce severity of a health condition.

Examples

Representative Composition:

Unless indicated otherwise, all tests were performed with a defined mixture of selected polyphenol-containing products/extracts common to the Mediterranean diet. The polyphenol-containing products/extracts were obtained from source materials characterized by color as follows: Red group: apple extract, pomegranate extract, tomato powder, and beet root; Green group: olive extract, rosemary extract, green coffee bean extract, and kale; Orange/yellow group: onion extract, ginger extract, grapefruit extract, and carrot; and Purple/blue group: grape extract, blueberry extract, currant, and elderberry. Corn starch, silica, and sunflower lecithin were used as processing aids. Relative proportions are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Ingredient Wt % Part Solvent Standardized to State Grape Extract 15.75 Whole Ethanol Min 50% total Powdered fruit Proanthocyanidins Apple Extract 10.00 Whole Ethanol/ 70% Polyphenols Powdered fruit Water Ginger Extract 10.00 Root Ethanol/ 5% Gingerol Powdered Water Onion Extract 10.00 Root Ethanol/ 30% Quercetin Powdered bulb Water Pomegranate 10.00 Whole Ethanol 40% Punicalagins Powdered Extract fruit Green Coffee 7.50 Seed Ethanol/ 50% Chlorogenic Powdered Bean Extract Water Acids Rosemary 7.50 Leaves Ethanol/ 15% Rosmarinic Powdered Extract Water Acid Olive Extract 6.38 Whole Water 12% Powdered fruit Hydroxytyrosol Maltodextrin 3.19 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Blueberry 2.50 Whole Ethanol/ 12% Powdered Extract fruit Water Anthocyanins Grapefruit 2.50 Whole Ethanol/ 90% Naringin Powdered Extract fruit Water Kale 2.50 Leaves None —/— Powdered Beet Root 2.45 Root None —/— Powdered Carrot 2.45 Root None —/— Powdered Black Currant 2.43 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Elderberry 2.43 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Tomato 1.85 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Corn Starch 0.31 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Silica 0.25 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Sunflower 0.03 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Lecithin

Phytochemical HPLC/MS/MS analysis: An HPLC/MS compositional analysis of the exemplary composition above revealed the following ingredients and proportions where the columns in each of Tables 2-8 indicate the analyte ID (col. 1), chemical entity (col. 2), M-H (col. 3), RT (col. 4), peak intensity (col. 5), and MS/MS fragments (col. 6):

TABLE 2 Ingredient Wt % Part Solvent Standardized to State Grape Extract 15.75 Whole Ethanol Min 50% total Powdered fruit Proanthocyanidins Apple Extract 10.00 Whole Ethanol/ 70% Polyphenols Powdered fruit Water Ginger Extract 10.00 Root Ethanol/  5% Gingerol Powdered Water Onion Extract 10.00 Root Ethanol/ 30% Quercetin Powdered bulb Water Pomegranate 10.00 Whole Ethanol 40% Punicalagins Powdered Extract fruit Green Coffee 7.50 Seed Ethanol/ 50% Chlorogenic Powdered Bean Extract Water Acids Rosemary 7.50 Leaves Ethanol/ 15% Rosmarinic Powdered Extract Water Acid Olive Extract 6.38 Whole Water 12% Powdered fruit Hydroxytyrosol Maltodextrin 3.19 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Blueberry 2.50 Whole Ethanol/ 12% Powdered Extract fruit Water Anthocyanins Grapefruit 2.50 Whole Ethanol/ 90% Naringin Powdered Extract fruit Water Kale 2.50 Leaves None —/— Powdered Beet Root 2.45 Root None —/— Powdered Carrot 2.45 Root None —/— Powdered Black Currant 2.43 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Elderberry 2.43 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Tomato 1.85 Whole None —/— Powdered fruit Corn Starch 0.31 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Silica 0.25 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Sunflower 0.03 —/— —/— —/— Powdered Lecithin

Phytochemical HPLC/MS/MS analysis: An HPLC/MS compositional analysis of the exemplary composition above revealed the following ingredients and proportions where the columns in each of Tables 2-8 indicate the analyte ID (col. 1), chemical entity (col. 2), M-H (col. 3), RT (col. 4), peak intensity (col. 5), and MS/MS fragments (col. 6):

TABLE 3 Organic acids 1 Citric acid 191.0186 2.9 5.25E+08 102, 111, 129, 173 2 Malic acid 133.0130 2.2 1.26E+08  71, 89, 115 3 Glucaric acid 209.0291 1.7 8.68E+08 133, 147, 191 4 Gluconic acid 195.0504 1.7 4.44E+08  99, 129, 159, 177 5 hydroxy jasmonic 387.1668 22.3 2.23E+08  59, 163, 207 acid-O-glucoside 6 Azelaic acid 187.0968 28.3 1.56E+07 125, 169 5 Arabinonic acid 165.0395 1.7 1.96E+08 129, 147, 165

TABLE 4 Phenolics 7 Coumaric acid 163.0389 24.3 9.19E+06 119, 147 8 Coumaric aicd - 295.0460 21.1 2.45E+06 119, 163 derv 9 Quinic acid-I 191.0553 1.8 4.76E+08 173 10 Quinic acid-II 191.0553 20.1 2.40E+08 173 11 Caffeic acid 179.0341 21.4 1.54E+08 135 12 Caffeic acid- 341.0869 16.6 5.02E+06 135, 161, 179 hexose-I 13 Caffeic acid- 341.0869 18.5 1.28E+07 135, 161, 179 hexose-II 14 Caffeic acid- 341.0869 19.6 1.02E+07 135, 179 hexose-III 15 Caffeic acid- 341.0869 20.0 1.61E+07 135, 161, 179 hexose-IV 16 Ferulic acid 193.0498 25.6 4.32E+06 134.04, 149.06, 178.03 17 Ferulic acid- 355.1028 21.7 1.97E+07 175 hexose-I 18 Ferulic acid- 355.1028 22.5 5.63E+06 hexose-I 19 Ferulic acid- 355.1028 23.3 6.47E+06 134, 149, 175 hexose-I 20 Ferulic acid- 355.1028 24.9 3.24E+06 193 hexose-I 21 Ferulic acid- 355.1028 25.9 4.32E+06 193 hexose-I 22 3,4-Dihydroxy- 153.0188 10.2 1.23E+07 109 benzoic acid 23 Gallic acid 169.0132 5.3 6.41E+07 125 24 Rosmaric acid 359.0772 28.8 1.18E+09 135, 131, 179, 197 25 Rosmaric acid 719.1618 28.8 5.48E+08 135, 161, 179, 197 dimer 26 Salvianic acid A 197.0447 9.2 7.12E+07 123, 135, 179, 180 27 Ethyl gallate 197.0449 24.3 1.83E+07 125, 151, 169 28 Ellagic acid 300.9994 25.8 1.20E+08 229, 257, 283 29 Ellagic acid 463.0529 22.9 5.69E+05 125, 169, 300.99, glucoside 463 30 Galloyl-HHDP- 633.0737 22.7 6.10E+07 125, 169, 193, 275, glucoside 300.99 31 Digalloyl-HHDP- 785.0867 22.3 1.92E+06 125, 169, 275, glucoside 300.99 32 3-Galloylquinic 343.0673 5.9 1.70E+06 169, 191 acid (Theogallin) 33 3,4-Dihydroxy- 153.0183 10.2 1.23E+07  96, 109 benzoic 34 3,4-Dihydroxy- 153.0545 10.3 3.62E+08 109, 123, benzoic 153.0182 35 2,4-Dihydroxy- 153.0183 23.8 8.71E+06 109 benzoic 36 2- 137.0232 15.0 1.10E+07  93 Hydroxybenzoic acid

TABLE 5 Flavonoids 37 Naringenin  271.0604 34.4 2.96E+07 119, 151, 227, 271 38 Naringenin-glucoside  433.1149 28.0 4.14E+06 151, 271 39 Naringenin-  579.1722 27.5 1.13E+09 151, 271, 549 rhamnoglucoside 40 Naringenin- 1159.3540 27.5 5.66E+07 151, 271, 459 rhamnoglucoside dimer 41 Myricetin  317.0503 29.0 1.09E+07 137, 151, 178 42 Myricetin 3-  463.0894 25.8 5.61E+06 316, 317 rhamnoside 43 Myricetin 3-  479.0839 24.3 4.59E+06 316, 317 glucoside I 44 Myricetin 3-  479.0839 24.5 4.57E+06 316, 317 rhamnoside II 45 Phloretin  273.0769 34.5 2.41E+08 167 46 Phloretin-glucoside  435.1298 29.0 2.85E+08 167, 273 47 Phloretin-arabinose-  567.1733 27.5 3.28E+08 167, 273 glucoside 48 Phloretin-diglucoside  597.1831 26.8 7.70E+06 167, 273 49 Apigenin  269.0460 34.4 4.46E+07 151 50 Apigenin glucoside  431.0985 27.8 1.36E+07 268, 269 51 Apigenin rhamnoside  577.1575 27.4 8.96E+07 269 glucoside 52 Apigenin rhamnoside  623.1635 27.4 7.88E+06 269, 577 glucoside der 53 Apigenin rhamnoside 1155.3230 27.4 1.41E+06 269, 577 glucoside dimer 54 Quercetin  301.0348 32.1 1.89E+09 151, 179, 273, 301 55 Quercetin dimer  603.0795 32.1 3.94E+08 151, 178, 301 56 Quercetin galactoside  463.0874 24.6 1.00E+07 301 57 Quercetin glucoside-1  463.0874 25.9 2.98E+07 151, 300, 301 58 Quercetin glucoside-2  463.0874 26.1 7.16E+07 151, 300, 301 59 Quercetin-diglucoside  625.1400 23.8 8.83E+05 151, 178, 301, 463 60 Quercetin-rutinoside  609.1478 25.5 3.37E+07 300, 301 or Rutin 61 Luteolin  285.0407 31.9 4.20E+07 133.03, 199.04, 217.05, 241 62 Luteolin glucoside 1  447.0938 26.2 4.58E+06 284, 285 63 Luteolin glucoside 2  447.0938 24.6 1.50E+07 284, 285 64 Catechin-1  289.0704 20.2 5.97E+08 151, 179, 205, 245 65 Catechin-2  289.0704 22.7 8.47E+08 66 Proanthocyanidin B1  577.1364 22.0 4.06E+08 125, 289, 407 67 Proanthocyanidin B2  577.1364 18.9 2.14E+08 125, 289, 407 68 Isorhamnetin  315.0503 35.4 2.66E+08 300, 315 69 Isorhamnetin  477.1030 26.7 1.11E+08 119, 151, 299, glucoside 314, 315 70 Isorhamnetin  639.1563 27.4 1.11E+06 151, 285, 313, diglucoside-1 315, 476, 477, 639 71 Isorhamnetin-  623.1939 26.1 6.63E+06 315 rhamnosyl-glucoside 72 Kaempferol  285.0397 35.0 1.27E+08 125.02, 244, 257, 268 73 Kaempferol  447.0938 26.9 4.02E+06 glucoside-1 74 Kaempferol  447.0938 27.4 1.98E+07 glucoside-2 75 Kaempferol  447.0938 27.6 1.04E+07 glucoside-3 76 Kaempferol  447.0938 27.9 4.47E+06 glucoside-4 77 Kaempferol-3-O-  593.1521 25.6 1.68E+07 285 rutinoside 78 Kampferol 3-(6-  755.2060 25.9 1.23E+06 285 glucosylglucoside) 7-rhamnoside 79 wogonin  283.0616 41.2 1.42E+08 268, 283

TABLE 6 Anthocyanin 80 Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside 449.1073 21.1 1.67E+07 287 81 Cyanidin derv 463.0874 27.7 3.56E+05 287 82 Cyanidin derv 463.0874 29.1 1.97E+07 287 83 Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside 595.1658 25.6 8.57E+05 287, 449 84 Cyanidin 3-sambubioside 581.1500 21.1 5.95E+06 287 85 Pelargonidin 271.0600 24.5 2.10E+06 271 86 Pelargonidin-glucoside 433.1131 27.9 7.85E+05 271 87 Pelargonidin-glucoside 639.1710 31.4 5.30E+05 175, 207, derv 271 88 Malvidin 331.0809 26.7 2.27E+06 316 89 Malvidin arabinoside 463.1237 23.0 8.98E+06 331 90 Malvidin-feruloyl- 639.1710 28.1 7.34E+05 331 arabinoside 91 Delphinidin 303.0496 32.2 2.73E+07 303 92 Delphinidin 3-glucoside 465.1028 20.1 6.49E+06 303, 385 93 Delphinidin 3-rutinoside 611.1603 25.5 1.30E+06 303 94 Delphinidin-3- 435.0922 20.7 2.06E+06 303 arabinoside-I 95 Petunidin 317.0655 35.5 2.77E+06 317 96 Petunidin 3-glucoside 479.1186 26.7 1.32E+07 317 97 Petunidin 3-rutinoside 625.1765 26.1 5.63E+05 317 98 Petunidin derv 463.0874 26.9 4.03E+05 317 99 Peonidin 301.0709 34.8 1.63E+06 286 100 Peonidin-glucoside-I 463.1240 26.9 2.77E+06 301 101 Peonidin-glucoside II 463.1240 28.3 6.98E+06 301 102 Peonidin-rutinoside 609.1814 27.6 1.52E+06 301 103 Peonidin-feruloyl- 639.1710 31.7 1.88E+06 177, 301 glucoside

TABLE 7 Chlorogenic acids 104 3-Caffeoylquinic acid 353.0875 14.3 2.70E+08 135, 179, 191 105 5-Caffeoylquinic acid 353.0875 20.1 8.52E+08 179, 191 106 4-Caffeoylquinic acid 353.0875 21.1 5.09E+08 135, 173, 179, 191 107 3-Caffeoylquinic acid 707.1830 14.3 1.87E+07 135, 179, 191, dimer 353 108 5-Caffeoylquinic acid 707.1833 20.1 9.23E+08 191, 353 dimer 109 4-Caffeoylquinic acid 707.1834 21.1 1.95E+08 135, 173, 179, dimer 191, 353 110 3-Caffeoylshikimic 335.0770 24.2 3.17E+07 135, 161, 173, acid 179 111 4-Caffeoylshikimic 335.0770 24.5 1.62E+08 135, 161 acid 112 5-Caffeoylshikimic 335.0770 25.0 1.53E+08 161 acid 113 3,4-Dicaffeoylshikimic 497.1091 29.5 0 acid 114 3,5-Dicaffeoylshikimic 497.1091 32.0 9.10E+07 161, 179 335 acid 115 4,5-Dicaffeoylshikimic 497.1091 32.7 6.97E+06 135, 161, 179, acid 335 116 3-Feruloylquinic acid 367.1032 20.7 1.13E+08 134, 193 117 5-Feruloylquinic acid 367.1032 23.6 3.76E+08 163, 191 118 4-Feruloylquinic acid 367.1035 23.8 1.66E+08 173, 193 119 3-Feruloylquinic acid 735.2144 20.7 7.14E+05 dimer 120 5-Feruloylquinic acid 735.2144 23.6 1.03E+08 173, 191, 367 dimer 121 4-Feruloylquinic acid 735.2144 23.8 4.17E+06 173, 193, 367 dimer 122 3-Coumaroylquinic 337.0932 19.0 2.68E+07 119, 163 acid 123 4-Coumaroylquinic 337.0933 22.6 9.95E+07 191 acid 124 5-Coumaroylquinic 337.0933 23.0 4.09E+08 163, 173 acid 125 3-Coumaroylquinic 675.1941 19.0 0 acid dimer 126 4-Coumaroylquinic 675.1941 22.6 3.00E+06 191 acid dimer 127 5-Coumaroylquinic 675.1941 23.0 1.53E+07 163, 173 acid dimer 128 3,4-Dicaffeoyl quinic 515.1189 27.1 2.63E+08 135, 161, 173, acid 179, 191, 353 129 3,5-Dicaffeoyl quinic 515.1190 27.6 1.79E+08 135, 179, 191, acid 353 130 4,5-Dicaffeoyl quinic 515.1195 28.3 3.37E+08 135, 173, 179, acid 191, 353 131 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 14.9 2.70E+05 101, 173, 181 isomer-1 132 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 15.8 5.75E+05 101, 181, 191 isomer-2 133 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 21.0 1.17E+06 101, 173 isomer-3 134 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 21.4 2.26E+06 101, 173 isomer-4 135 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 23.2 3.27E+05  93, 101, 173, isomer-5 181, 191 136 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 23.4 5.25E+05 101, 173 isomer-6 137 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 30.4 5.22E+06  93, 101, 173, isomer-7 181, 191 138 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 30.6 1.18E+06 101 isomer-8 139 Valeroylquinic acid 275.1135 31.7 1.98E+06 101, 173 isomer-9 140 Caffeoylvaleroylquinic 437.1451 29.7 3.55E+06 161, 173, 179, acid isomer 1 275 141 Caffeoylvaleroylquinic 437.1451 29.8 6.88E+06 161, 173, 179, acid isomer 2 275 142 Caffeoylvaleroylquinic 437.1451 30.4 2.46E+06 161, 173, 179, acid isomer 3 275 143 Caffeoylvaleroylquinic 437.1451 30.6 5.13E+06 173, 275 acid isomer 4 144 Caffeoylvaleroylquinic 437.1451 31.7 6.96E+06 173, 275 acid isomer 5 145 Quinic acid-glucoside- 481.2442 24.8 3.81E+07 161, 197, 301 R*-1 146 Quinic acid-glucoside- 481.2442 25.3 1.22E+08 161, 197, 301 R*-2 147 Valeroylquinic acid 565.3023 33.3 1.18E+07 301, 463, 481 glucoside-R*-1 148 Valeroylquinic acid 727.3545 26.6 3.83E+06 161, 301, 323, diglucoside-R*-1 481, 643 149 Valeroylquinic acid 727.3545 30.4 1.89E+06 205, 361, 625, diglucoside-R*-2 643 150 Valeroylquinic acid 727.3545 30.8 3.05E+07 481, 523, 625, diglucoside-R*-3 643

TABLE 8 Betacyanin 151 Betanin 551.1517 15.6 2.19E+04 152 Isobetanin 551.1517 19.7 1.54E+04

TABLE 9 Amino acids, alkaloids & other compounds 153 Glycerophosphocholine 258.1098 1.7 6.17E+07 104 154 Adenosine 268.1040 4.1 4.68E+06 136 155 Phenylalanine 166.0861 6.8 1.41E+07 120 156 Tiyptophan 205.0973 14.5 6.28E+06 146, 188 157 Tyrosine 182.0812 3.7 9.16E+06 119, 123, 136, 147, 165 158 Dopamine 154.0858 2.7 8.64E+05 113, 137 159 Trigonellin 138.0548 1.8 2.05E+08  94 160 Caffeine 195.0875 20.1 4.94E+07 138 161 Xanthine 151.0256 3.1 7.74E+05 109

Biological activity of the composition was tested for inhibition of various target entities that are central to various pathways associated with health and healthy ageing, and exemplary activity results are presented below. More specifically, the inventor tested the composition for inhibitory activity of human ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT1, BACE1, Cathepsin S, CDK5, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, CD38, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, CD39, and CD73, and for Keap/Nrf2 binding inhibition and ACE2-Spike binding inhibition.

ARG1 and ARG2:

In the following experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on ARG1 and ARG2. Reagents used are shown in the Tables 9-10 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (nor-NOHA is reference compound).

TABLE 10 Form Stock Dissolving Compound Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 lot#33890000X11020 and 0.01% nor-NOHA* powder 10 mM DMSO 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

TABLE 11 Concentration Enzyme Lot # (ng/well) Substrate ARG1 150825 100 Thioarginine (225 μM) ARG2 160726-1 20 Thioarginine (225 μM)

Assay conditions: The assay was performed using human recombinant ARG1 or ARG2 as enzymes and thioarginine as substrate. The UV absorbance at 412 nm was correlated with the amount of reaction product of ARG1/ARG2. The test sample (HP Color Blend) was dissolved to 1% (w/v) with 70% (w/v) EtOH and filtered through 0.22 μm; nor-NOHA was dissolved in 100% (w/v) DMSO to 10 mM. 5 μl of 20× sample solutions were added to 90 μl of substrate, and reactions were started by the addition of 5 μl of 20×ARG1/ARG2 solutions. For the negative control (Blank), 5 μl of the assay buffer was added instead of the ARG1/ARG2. The resulting 100 μl reaction mixture contained the indicated amount of the samples, 225 μM thioarginine, the detection reagent, and 30 nM ARG1 or 5 nM ARG2 in 1× ARG Assay Buffer. All reactions were conducted at room temperature and incubated for 30 minutes, ensuring that all wells, containing either samples or controls, contained 0.7% (v/v) EtOH final concentration to discard any solvent effect. UV absorbance readings were done at times 0 and 30 minutes to get net values. Absorbance was measured using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Experiment was performed in duplicate at each concentration. The data were analyzed using the software GraphPad Prism. In the absence of the compound, the net absorbance (A_(t)) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of ARG1/ARG2, the net absorbance (A_(b)) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=[(A−A_(b))/(A_(t)−A_(b))]×100, where A=the absorbance in the presence of the compound. The percent inhibition was calculated according to the following equation: % inhibition=100−% activity.

Results: Notably, significant inhibitory activity was found for both ARG-1 and ARG-2 across all tested concentrations as is shown in Tables 11-12 below. As can be readily seen from the results, inhibition relative to the reference inhibitor was significant and not specific towards one or the other of ARG-1 and ARG-2 as is also seen from Table 13. Results are also depicted in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 for ARG-1 and ARG-2, respectively.

TABLE 12 ARG-1 Net absorbance Activity (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.76 0.75 101 99 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.64 0.62 85 82 17 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 0.56 0.55 74 74 26 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 0.51 0.50 68 66 33 nor-NOHA, 0.001 μM 0.74 0.77 99 102 0 nor-NOHA, 0.01 μM 0.59 0.59 79 78 22 nor-NOHA, 0.1 μM 0.23 0.24 31 31 69 Blank 0.00 0.00

TABLE 13 ARG-2 Net absorbance Activity (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 1.01 0.93 104 96 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.72 0.72 74 74 26 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 0.59 0.64 60 66 37 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 0.63 0.59 65 60 38 nor-NOHA, 0.001 μM 0.78 0.82 81 84 17 nor-NOHA, 0.01 μM 0.56 0.60 57 62 41 nor-NOHA, 0.1 μM 0.19 0.19 19 19 81 Blank 0.00 0.00 0 0

TABLE 14 Inhibition (%) Condition ARG1 ARG2 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 17 26 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 26 37 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 33 38 nor-NOHA, 0.001 μM 0 17 nor-NOHA, 0.01 μM 22 41 nor-NOHA, 0.1 μM 69 81 SIRT1:

In the following experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on SIRT1. Reagents used are shown in Tables 14-15 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (Suramin was used as reference compound).

TABLE 15 Com- Stock Dis- Inter- pound Concen- solving Test mediate Compound I.D. Supplied tration Solvent Range Dilution HP Color Blend Solid 1% 70% 0.0004%, 10 % lot#33890000X11020 (w/v) EtOH 0.002%,  DMSO 0.01%    in HDAC Assay Buffer Suramin* Solid 10 mM DMSO 0.01 μM, 10 %  0.1 μM, DMSO   1 μM in HDAC Assay Buffer

TABLE 16 Enzyme Enzyme Used (ng)/ Assay Catalog # Lot # Reaction Substrate SIRT1 50012 190710 550 10 μM HDAC Substrate 1

Assay Conditions: The sample was dissolved in 70% EtOH. The serial dilution of the compound was first performed in 70% EtOH with the highest concentration at 1%. Each intermediate compound dilution (in 70% EtOH) will then get directly diluted 10× fold into assay buffer for an intermediate dilution of 7% EtOH in HDAC assay buffer and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction so that the final concentration of EtOH is 0.7% in all of reactions.

The enzymatic reactions for the SIRT1 enzyme were conducted in duplicate at 37° C. for 30 minutes in a 50 μl mixture containing SIRT assay buffer, 5 μg BSA, an HDAC substrate (see 2.3.1), a SIRT enzyme, and a test compound. After enzymatic reactions, 50 nt of 2×SIRT Developer was added to each well for the SIRT enzymes and the plate was incubated at room temperature for an additional 15 minutes. Fluorescence intensity was measured at an excitation of 360 nm and an emission of 460 nm using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: SIRT activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The fluorescent intensity data were analyzed using the computer software, Graphpad Prism. In the absence of the compound, the fluorescent intensity (F_(t)) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of SIRT, the fluorescent intensity (F_(b)) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(F−F_(b))/(F_(t)−F_(b)), where F=the fluorescent intensity in the presence of the compound.

Results: The inhibitory results are shown in the table below. The percent inhibition of the compounds against SIRT1 are summarized. The reference compound and tested composition and HP Color Blend precipitated at the 0.01% intermediate dilution step. FIG. 3 depicts the results in graphic form, and Table 16 provides results in numerical format. As can be readily appreciated, the tested composition had noticeable SIRT1 inhibitory activity.

TABLE 17 SIRT1 Activity (Fluorescence % count) % Activity Inhi- Compound I.D. Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 bition No Compound 2394 2429 99 101 0 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 2407 2382 100 99 1 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 2199 2200 91 91 9 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 1821 1891 74 77 24 Suramin, 0.01 μM 2415 2415 100 100 0 Suramin, 0.1 μM 2074 2082 85 86 14 Suramin, 1 μM 710 702 26 26 74 Background 109 110 Keap/Nrf2:

In a further set of experiments, the inventor investigated whether or not the tested composition was able to interfere with Keap1-Nrf2 binding, and exemplary results are provided below. Reagents used are shown in Table 17 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (reference compound was LDEETGEFL-OH).

TABLE 18 Com- Stock Dis- Test Inter- pound Concen- solving Range mediate Compound I.D. Supplied tration Solvent (%) Dilution HP Color Blend Powder 1% 70% 0.0004,  7% lot#33890000X11020 Ethanol 0.002,  Ethanol 0.01    Reference Powder 10 mM DMSO 0.1, 1, 10, 10% 100 DMSO

Assay Conditions: The test compound is diluted in 7% ethanol, and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction so that the final concentration of ethanol is 0.7%. The reference compound is diluted in 10% DMSO, and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction so that the final concentration of DMSO is 1%. The binding reactions were conducted at room temperature for 30 minutes in a 50 μl mixture containing 10 mM HEPES, pH7.4, 50 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween20, 0.01% BSA, 100 nM Keap1, 5 nM fluorescence probe and the test compound. Fluorescence intensity was measured at an excitation of 475 nm and an emission of 520 nm using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: All of binding assays were performed in 96-well plates in duplicate. Fluorescence intensity is converted to fluorescence anisotropy using the Tecan Magellan6 software. The fluorescence anisotropy data were analyzed using the computer software, Graphpad Prism. The fluorescence anisotropy (F_(At)) in the sample with Keap1 and the probe in each data set was defined as 100% activity. The fluorescence anisotropy (F_(Ab)) in the sample with a compound but without Keap1 in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent binding efficacy in the presence of the competitor compound was calculated according to the following equation

${\%\mspace{20mu}{Activity}} = {\frac{\left( {F_{A} - F_{Ab}} \right)}{\left( {F_{At} - F_{Ab}} \right)} \times \; 100\%}$

where F_(A)=the fluorescence anisotropy in the presence of the compound. The values of % binding were then plotted in a bar graph as shown in FIG. 4, and numerical results are shown in Table 18 below.

TABLE 19 Background Binding Activity Per- Fluorescent Fluorescent cen- Polarization Polarization Percentage tage Com- (mA) (mA) Activity Inhi- pound Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat2 Repeat2 Repeat2 Repeat2 bition No 18 14 38 40 96 104 0 Com- pound 0.0004% 21 22 43 43 92 93 7 0.002% 38 41 48 50 39 48 56 0.01% 78 76 81 81 16 17 83

As will be readily recognized from the results in the Table above and FIG. 4, the tested composition had appreciable inhibitory activity against Keap1-Nfr2 binding.

ACE2-Spike:

In this series of experiments, the inventor investigated whether contemplated compositions and fractions thereof could reduce binding of SARS-CoV2 spike protein to ACE2, and if vitamins would also have any effect.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 19-21 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (* denotes reference compounds). In this series of experiments, the representative composition as described above was compared against individual color as indicated below and further against a multivitamin formulation as also indicated below. Table 19 denotes the representative composition, Table 20 denotes the color subfractions of the representative composition in which DC-5=Yellow Blend, DC-9=Purple Blend, DC-21-Green Blend, DC-13=Red Blend. Here, the red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, Elderberry as also noted above. Table 21 denotes the multivitamin blend, and Table 22 denotes the ACE2/Spike reagents used.

TABLE 20 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0008, 0.004, lot#33890000X11020 0.02 and 0.1% Anti-ACE2* Powder 1.33 μM PBS 0.27 μM Spike S1* Solution  5.6 μM PBS 0.01, 0.1 and    1 μM

TABLE 21 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DC-5  Solid 1% (w/v) 70% (v/v) 0.0008, 0.004, EtOH 0.02 and 0.1% DC-9  Solid 1% (w/v) 70% (v/v) 0.0008, 0.004, EtOH 0.02 and 0.1% DC-13 Solid 1% (w/v) 70% (v/v) 0.0008, 0.004, EtOH 0.02 and 0.1% DC-21 Solid 1% (w/v) 70% (v/v) 0.0008, 0.004, EtOH 0.02 and 0.1% Anti-ACE2* Solid 13.3 μM PBS 0.27 μM Spike S1* Solution  5.6 μM PBS 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM

TABLE 22 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DC-TIV-1.0 (Adult Powder 1% (w/v) 70% (v/v) 0.0008, 0.004, Centrum Vitamin) EtOH 0.02 and 0.1% Anti-ACE2* Powder 13.3 μM PBS 0.27 μM Spike S1* Solution  5.6 μM PBS 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM

TABLE 23 Component Catalog # Lot # Concentration ACE2-His 11003 131001 50 ng/well Spike 51-Biotin 100679 200326 40 nM

Assay Conditions: Nickel plate was coated at room temperature for 1 hour with 50 μl of 1 μg/ml of ACE2-His and washed and blocked before starting the reaction. 10 μl of compound solutions were incubated with 20 μl of 1× Immune Buffer in ACE2-His-coated assay wells during 30 minutes before starting the reaction by the addition of 20 μl of 5 μg/ml Spike S1-Spike. Controls with the same concentration of solvent (EtOH) were included in the study. Reaction was progressed for 1 hour at room temperature. Then, wells were washed three times with 1× Immune Buffer and blocked with Blocking Buffer 2 for 10 minutes. 100 μl of Streptavidin-HRP was added to all wells and incubated for 1 hour. Lastly, plate was emptied, washed three times and blocked before the addition of 100 μl of freshly prepared HRP chemiluminescent substrates to every well. Immediately, the luminescence of the samples was measured in a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: The luminescence data were analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the intensity (C_(e)) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of enzyme, the intensity (C₀) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C₀)/(C_(e)−C₀), where C=the luminescence in the presence of the compound.

Results for the representative composition are shown in Table 23 and FIG. 5, while results for the multivitamin formulation are shown in Table 24 and FIG. 6. Results for the colored blends are shown in Table 25 and FIG. 7. As can be readily seen from the data in Tables 23-25 and FIGS. 5-7, the representative composition showed synergistic inhibition of ACE2-Spike S1 binding, particularly at lower concentrations, whereas the multivitamin formulation had no significant inhibitory effect. Moreover, selected DC-13 and DC9 also had some inhibitory effect per se.

TABLE 24 Luminescence Activity (%) Condition Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Inh. (%) No compound (0% EtOH) 73041 72023 101 99 0 #33890000X11020, 69278 67571 96 93 6 0.0008% (0.06% EtOH) #33890000X11020, 61074 58147 84 80 18 0.004% (0.3% EtOH) #33890000X11020, 39077 40075 54 55 45 0.02% (1.5% EtOH) #33890000X11020, 4531 4376 6 6 94 0.1% (7% EtOH) 0.06% EtOH control 69515 66778 96 92 6 0.3% EtOH control 73813 68546 102 95 2 1.5% EtOH control 65414 71374 90 98 6 7% EtOH control 69262 72935 95 101 2 Anti-ACE2, 0.27 μM 44726 43081 62 59 40 Spike-Fc, 0.01 μM 65506 67497 90 93 8 Spike-Fc, 0.1 μM 44243 48002 61 66 36 Spike-Fc, 1 μM 11079 13329 15 18 83 Blank 53 59 0 0 100

TABLE 25 Luminescence Activity (%) Inh. Condition Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2 (%) No compound (0% EtOH) 69783 68734 101 99 0 DC-TIV-1.0, 0.0008% 68843 68470 99 99 1 (0.06% EtOH) DC-TIV-1.0, 0.004% 67092 67275 97 97 3 (0.3% EtOH) DC-TIV-1.0, 0.02% 68611 67415 99 97 2 (1.5% EtOH) DC-TIV-1.0, 0.1% 65686 62732 95 91 7 (7% EtOH) 0.06% EtOH control 67102 65413 97 94 4 0.3% EtOH control 67558 66286 98 96 3 1.5% EtOH control 68907 68688 99 99 1 7% EtOH control 68106 69743 98 101 0 Anti-ACE2, 0.27 μM 39545 38080 57 55 44 Spike-Fc, 0.01 μM 63863 63541 92 92 8 Spike-Fc, 0.1 μM 38990 44396 56 64 40 Spike-Fc, 1 μM 9850 10519 14 15 85 Blank 78 47 0 0 100

TABLE 26 Luminescence Activity (%) Inh. Condition Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2 (%) No compound (EtOH, 0%) 78752 77962 101 99 DC-5, 0.0008% 88634 87345 113 111 0 DC-5, 0.004% 88490 87713 113 112 0 DC-5, 0.02% 86311 82378 110 105 0 DC-5, 0.1% 46242 32236 59 41 50 DC-9, 0.0008% 88766 87246 113 111 0 DC-9, 0.004% 82412 80733 105 103 0 DC-9, 0.02% 65595 69238 84 88 14 DC-9, 0.1% 3681 5643 5 7 94 DC-13, 0.0008% 83749 83790 107 107 0 DC-13, 0.004% 78717 76657 100 98 1 DC-13, 0.02% 47967 53241 61 68 35 DC-13, 0.1% 608 211 1 0 100 DC-21, 0.0008% 84059 81164 107 104 0 DC-21, 0.004% 83790 81432 107 104 0 DC-21, 0.02% 78473 78360 100 100 0 DC-21, 0.1% 66249 64005 85 82 17 EtOH, 0.06% 78473 82268 100 105 0 EtOH, 0.3% 80826 81863 103 104 0 EtOH, 1.5% 78508 78870 100 101 0 EtOH, 7% 71844 68213 92 87 11 Anti-ACE2, 0.27 μM 34327 36753 44 47 55 Spike-Fc, 0.01 μM 72198 74621 92 95 6 Spike-Fc, 0.1 μM 49403 50633 63 65 36 Spike-Fc, 1 μM 13755 11790 17 15 84 Blank 63 53 BACE1:

In a further set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions and fractions thereof as well as a multivitamin mix had an effect on the activity of recombinant human BACE1 using an in vitro fluorescence assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 26-28 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*Verubecestat was used as reference compound). Table 26 shows the representative composition, while Table 27 shows the colored fractions and multivitamin mix. Here, DC-5=Yellow Blend, DC-9=Purple Blend, DC-21-Green Blend, DC-13=Red Blend DCH-TIV 1.0 (Adult Centrum Multivitamins). The red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, and Elderberry as listed above.

TABLE 27 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 lot#33890000X11020 and 0.01% Verubecestat* Powder 10 mM DMSO 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM

TABLE 28 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DC-5  Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% DC-9  Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% DC-13 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% DC-21 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% DCH-TIV 1.0 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% Verubecestat* Powder 10 mM 100% DMSO 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μM

TABLE 29 Assay Catalog # Protein lot # [E] (ng/well) Substrate BACE1 71657 170307 500 7.5 μM BACE1 FRET peptide substrate

Assay Conditions: 80 μl of BACE1 was incubated with 10 μl of samples and reference compound for 10 minutes. Then, reaction was started by the addition of 10 μl of BACE1 FRET peptide substrate and product kinetics were measured for 1 hour in an Infinite M1000 microplate reader (Tecan). In Blank control wells, 80 μl of assay buffer was added instead of enzyme, all wells contained 0.7% (v/v) EtOH final assay concentration.

Data Analysis: All conditions were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The fluorescent intensity data was analyzed using Prism (GraphPad). In the absence of the compound (No compound control), the fluorescent intensity (F_(t)) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of the enzyme (Blank control), the fluorescent intensity (F_(b)) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % Activity=(F−F_(b))/(F_(t)−F_(b)), where F=the fluorescent intensity in the presence of the compound. Fluorescence at initial time was subtracted to obtain net signal, measured in relative fluorescence units (RLU).

As can be seen form the data in Table 29 and FIG. 8, the representative composition had substantial inhibitory activity against BACE1 as tested. Remarkably, as can be seen from the data in Table 30 and FIG. 9, the colored fractions also provided significant inhibition of BACE1. Moreover, it is also evident from these data that the BACE1 inhibition is synergistic, while the tested multivitamin had substantially no inhibitory effect.

TABLE 30 Fluorescence (net RFU) Activity (%) Inh. Condition Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2 (%) No compound 419 403 102 98 0 #33890000X11020, 0.0004% 166 143 39 34 63 #33890000X11020, 0.002% 69 66 15 15 85 #33890000X11020, 0.01% 47 61 10 13 88 Verubecestat, 0.01 μM 381 386 93 94 7 Verubecestat, 0.1 μM 168 158 40 37 61 Verubecestat, 1 μM 16 20 2 3 97 Blank 8 6

TABLE 31 Fluorescence (net RFU) Activity (%) Inh. Condition Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2 (%) No compound 779 795 99 101 DC-5, 0.0004% 651 620 83 79 19 DC-5, 0.002% 671 636 85 81 17 DC-5, 0.01% 670 622 85 79 18 DC-9, 0.0004% 332 286 42 36 61 DC-9, 0.002% 138 142 17 18 83 DC-9, 0.01% 231 146 29 18 76 DC-13, 0.0004% 241 274 30 34 68 DC-13, 0.002% 184 176 23 22 78 DC-13, 0.01% 158 198 20 25 78 DC-21, 0.0004% 739 763 94 97 5 DC-21, 0.002% 592 613 75 78 24 DC-21, 0.01% 436 375 55 47 49 DCH-TIV 1.0, 0.0004% 797 784 101 100 0 DCH-TIV 1.0, 0.002% 767 774 97 98 2 DCH-TIV 1.0, 0.01% 765 721 97 92 6 Verubecestat, 0.01 μM 821 793 104 101 0 Verubecestat, 0.1 μM 684 676 87 86 14 Verubecestat, 1 μM 27 31 3 3 97 Blank 8 1 Cathepsin S:

In yet another set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions and fractions thereof as well as a multivitamin mix had an effect on the activity of recombinant human Cathepsin S using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 31-33 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*E-64 was used as reference compound). Here, the designations and ingredients of D5, D9, D13, and D21 are as noted above.

TABLE 32 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% 70% 0.004, 0.02 and lot#33890000X11020 (w/v) EtOH 0.1% E-64 Solution 1 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 nM

TABLE 33 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range D5  Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D9  Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D13 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D21 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% E-64 Solution 1 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 nM

TABLE 34 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-TIV-0.5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% DCH-TIV-1.0 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% (Adult Centrum Multivitamin) E-64* Solution 1 mM DMSO 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

Assay Conditions: Cathepsin S was activated by diluting the concentrated storage stock into the acidic assay buffer for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then, 5 μl of the sample or reference inhibitor was added to 20 μl of enzyme solution and pre-incubated for 30 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were started by the addition of 25 μl of the fluorogenic substrate, for a total reaction volume of 50 μl. Reaction time was 60 minutes, and then fluorescence intensity at an excitation of 360 nm and an emission of 460 nm was read using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Enzyme activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The fluorescence intensity data were analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the intensity in each data set was defined as 100% (Ce) activity. In the absence of enzyme, the intensity in each data set was defined as 0% (C0) activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C0)/(Ce−C0), where C=the intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table). Compound fluorescence was removed by subtracting fluorescence at reaction time=0.

The results for the above tests are shown in Tables 34-36, with Table 34 and FIG. 10 showing results for the representative composition, Table 35 and FIG. 11 showing results for the various colored fractions, and Table 36 and FIG. 12 showing results for the multivitamin mixture (DCH-TIC-0.5 is representative composition; DCH-TIC-1.0 is Centrum multivitamin mix). As can be readily seen form the results, the representative composition as well as colored blends D9 and D13 had significant inhibition of Cathepsin S, whereas the multivitamin mix had comparably no substantial effect.

TABLE 35 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 10117 10153 100 100 #33890000X11020, 0.0004% 2866 2790 28 27 72 #33890000X11020, 0.002% 543 520 5 5 95 #33890000X11020, 0.01% 202 218 2 2 98 E-64, 1 nM 9894 9604 98 95 4 E-64, 10 nM 5170 5444 51 54 48 E-64, 100 nM 958 960 9 9 91 Blank 10 7

TABLE 36 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 9022 8921 101 99 D5, 0.0004% 7844 8711 87 97 8 D5, 0.002% 7888 7297 88 81 15 D5, 0.01% 7040 7451 78 83 19 D9, 0.0004% 1377 1759 15 20 83 D9, 0.002% 447 446 5 5 95 D9, 0.01% 222 238 2 3 97 D13, 0.0004% 883 914 10 10 90 D13, 0.002% 271 314 3 3 97 D13, 0.01% 128 131 1 1 99 D21, 0.0004% 8732 8446 97 94 4 D21, 0.002% 7211 6789 80 76 22 D21, 0.01% 956 736 11 8 91 E-64, 1 nM 8864 8931 99 100 1 E-64, 10 nM 5727 5326 64 59 38 E-64, 100 nM 1009 1033 11 12 89 Blank 0 0

TABLE 37 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 60213 59191 101 99 0 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.0004% 37364 38895 63 65 36 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.002% 13816 12919 23 22 78 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.01% 1258 1445 2 2 98 DCH-TIC-1.0, 0.0004% 61364 58864 103 99 0 DCH-TIC-1.0, 0.002% 61972 62138 104 104 0 DCH-TIC-1.0, 0.1% 41515 43925 69 74 28 E-64, 0.001 μM 52418 49644 88 83 15 E-64, 0.01 μM 21262 19656 36 33 66 E-64, 0.1 μM 3091 3478 5 6 95 Blank 37 114 CDK5:

In a further set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions and fractions thereof as well as a multivitamin mix had an effect on the enzymatic activities of recombinant human CDK5/p25 using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 37-39 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (Dinaciclib was used as reference compound). Here, the designations and ingredients of D5, D9, D13, and D21 are as noted above.

TABLE 38 Stock Inter- Compound Compound Concen- Dissolving mediate I.D. Supplied tration Solvent Test Range Dilution HP Colors Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water X11020 Ethanol 0.002%, 0.0004% Dinaciclib Solution 10 mM DMSO 0.002 μM, 10%  0.02 μM, DMSO   0.2 μM  (aq)

TABLE 39 Com- Stock Dis- Inter- Compound pound Concen- solving mediate I.D. Supplied tration Solvent Test Range Dilution DC-5 Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water Ethanol 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-9 Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water Ethanol 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-13 Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water Ethanol 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-21 Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water Ethanol 0.002%, 0.0004% DCH-TIV Solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water 1.0 (Adult Ethanol 0.002%, Centrum 0.0004% Multi- vitamin) Dinaciclib Solution 10 mM DMSO 0.002 μM, 10%  0.02 μM, DMSO   0.2 μM  (aq)

TABLE 40 Catalog # Enzyme Used/ Assay (Lot #) Reaction (ng) Substrate CDK5/p25 40105 10 0.1 mg/ml CDK Substrate (130618-2) Peptide 1 10 μM ATP

Assay Conditions: The assay was performed using Kinase-Glo Plus luminescence kinase assay kit (Promega). It measures kinase activity by quantitating the amount of ATP remaining in solution following a kinase reaction. The luminescent signal from the assay is correlated with the amount of ATP present and is inversely correlated with the amount of kinase activity. The reference compound was diluted to 10% DMSO and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction so that the final concentration of DMSO is 1% in all of reactions. The test compound was diluted in water and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction. All of the enzymatic reactions were conducted at 30° C. for 45 minutes. The 50 μl reaction mixture contains 40 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM DTT, 10 μM ATP, Kinase substrate and the enzyme. After the enzymatic reaction, 50 μl of Kinase-Glo Plus Luminescence kinase assay solution (Promega) was added to each reaction and incubated for 15 minutes, on the plate, at room temperature. Luminescence signal was measured using a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Kinase activity assays were performed in duplicate at each concentration. The luminescence data were analyzed using the computer software, Graphpad Prism. The difference between luminescence intensities in the absence of Kinase (Lut) and in the presence of Kinase (Luc) was defined as 100% activity (Lut−Luc). Using luminescence signal (Lu) in the presence of the compound, % activity was calculated as: % activity={(Lut−Lu)/(Lut−Luc)}×100%, where Lu=the luminescence intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table).

The results for the above tests are shown in Tables 40-42, with Table 40 and FIG. 13 showing results for the representative composition, Table 41 and FIG. 14 showing results for the various colored fractions and the multivitamin mixture (here denoted as DCH-TIV 1.0). As can be readily taken from the data presented, the representative composition and the fractions thereof had significant inhibitory effect on CDK5, whereas the multivitamin mix had substantially no appreciable inhibitory effect as compared to the representative composition. Moreover, and at least at medium and low concentrations, the CDK5 inhibition had an at least moderate synergistic effect in the representative composition.

TABLE 41 Kinase Activity % Luminescence % Activity Inhi- Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 bition No Compound 21499 21364 100 100 HP Colors X11020, 0.0004% 26178 26281 73 73 27 HP Colors X11020, 0.002% 33942 33967 29 29 71 HP Colors X11020, 0.01% 38055 38177 6 5 94 Dinaciclib, 0.002 μM 28384 28205 61 62 39 Dinaciclib, 0.02 μM 36896 36850 12 13 87 Dinaciclib, 0.2 μM 37268 37490 10 9 90 Background 38991 39210

TABLE 42 Kinase Activity % Luminescence % Activity Inhi- Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 bition No Compound 20187 20295 100 100 0.0004% DC-5 23997 23914 81 82 19 0.002% DC-5 35968 35411 22 24 77 0.01% DC-5 40138 40324 1 0 100 0.0004% DC-9 22139 22596 91 88 11 0.002% DC-9 27328 27981 65 61 37 0.01% DC-9 36274 36077 20 21 79 0.0004% DC-13 25412 25396 74 74 26 0.002% DC-13 28786 28580 57 58 42 0.01% DC-13 33831 33995 32 31 68 0.0004% DC-21 20168 20357 100 99 0 0.002% DC-21 22651 22070 88 91 11 0.01% DC-21 30462 30543 49 49 51 0.0004% DCH-TIV 1.0 20553 20979 98 96 3 0.002% DCH-TIV 1.0 20929 21076 97 96 4 0.01% DCH-TIV 1.0 21472 21736 94 93 7 Dinaciclib, 0.002 μM 29310 29124 55 56 45 Dinaciclib, 0.02 μM 38603 39041 8 6 93 Dinaciclib, 0.2 μM 40248 39973 0 2 99 Background 40474 40099 IDO1/IDO2:

In a further set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on the enzymatic activities of recombinant human IDO1 and/or IDO2 using an UV absorbance assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 42-43 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise.

TABLE 43 Stock Com- Concen- Test Inter- pound tration concen- mediate Compound I.D. Supplied (mM) Solvent tration Dilution DailyColors Blend Liquid 1% 70%  0.01%, 20% Lot #33890000X11020 (w/v) EtOH  0.002% DMSO   0.0004% INCB024360* Liquid 0.05 DMSO 0.01, 0.1, 20% 1, 10 μM DMSO

TABLE 44 Enzyme Assay Catalog # Lot # concentration (nM) Substrate IDO1 71182 180305-B 40 L-Tryptophan (4 mM) IDO2 71194 160519-C 400 L-Tryptophan (4 mM)

Assay Conditions: The assay was performed measuring UV absorbance using recombinant IDO and L-Tryptophan as substrate. The UV absorbance at 321 nm is correlated with the amount of N-formylkynurenine, reaction product of IDO. The compounds (see 2.2) were diluted in 20% DMSO and 10 μl of the dilution was added to a 200 μl reaction so that the final concentration of DMSO was 1% in all reactions. All of the reactions were conducted at room temperature. The 200 μl reaction mixture in IDO Assay Buffer contained 400 nM IDO1 or IDO2, the indicated amount of the inhibitor, tryptophan, and the coupled reaction components. The reaction mixture incubated was for 180 min prior to reading the UV absorbance. For the negative control (blank), 10 μl of the assay buffer was added instead of the IDO enzyme. Absorbance was measured using a Tecan Infinite M1000 plate reader.

Data Analysis: The experiments were performed in duplicate at each concentration. The data were analyzed using the computer software GraphPad Prism. In the absence of the compound, the absorbance signal (At) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of the IDO, the absorbance signal (Ab) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=[(A−Ab)/(At −Ab)]×100, where A=the absorbance signal in the presence of the compound. The percent inhibition was calculated according to the following equation: % inhibition=100−% activity.

The results for the above tests are shown in Tables 44-45, with Table 44 and FIG. 15 showing results for the representative composition on inhibition of IDO1, and Table 45 and FIG. 16 showing results for the representative composition on inhibition of IDO2. As can be readily taken from the data presented, the representative composition had inhibitory effect on IDO1 at higher concentrations and significant inhibitory effect on IDO2 at higher and moderate concentrations.

TABLE 45 Absorbance (net) Activity (%) % Inhi- Compound I.D. Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 bition No Compound 0.82 0.76 104 96 0 DailyColors Blend, 0.0004% 1.13 1.15 145 147 0 DailyColors Blend, 0.002% 0.87 0.89 111 113 0 DailyColors Blend, 0.01% 0.57 0.56 71 70 30 INCB024360, 0.1 μM 0.73 0.74 92 93 7 INCB024360, 1 μM 0.29 0.30 34 36 65 INCB024360, 10 μM 0.07 0.09 5 8 93 Blank 0.03 0.03

TABLE 46 Absorbance (net) Activity (%) % Inhi- Compound I.D. Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 bition No Compound 0.17 0.16 105 95 0 DailyColors Blend, 0.0004% 0.46 0.45 395 385 0 DailyColors Blend, 0.002% 0.15 0.16 85 95 10 DailyColors Blend, 0.01% 0.07 0.07 5 5 95 1NCB024360, 0.01 μM 0.17 0.17 105 105 0 INCB024360, 0.1 μM 0.14 0.15 75 85 20 INCB024360, 1 μM 0.10 0.11 35 45 60 Blank 0.06 0.07 NAMPT:

In still another set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on the enzymatic activities of recombinant human NAMPT using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 46-47 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise.

TABLE 47 Compound Stock Dissolving Compound I.D. Supplied Concentration Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend lot # Powder 1% (w/v) 70 % 0.0004%, 33890000X11020 EtOH 0.002%,  and 0.01 % FK-866* Powder 10 mM DMSO 0.001 μM,  0.01 μM, and 0.1 μM

TABLE 48 Enzyme Used Assay Catalog # Enzyme Lot # (ng)/Reaction Substrate NAMPT 91004 171009-2 100 Nicotinamide 20 μM/ Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate 40 μM

Assay Conditions: The control compound is dissolved in DMSO. The dilution of the compounds was first performed in 100% DMSO with the highest concentration at 0.01 mM. Each intermediate compound dilution (in 100% DMSO) will then get directly diluted 10× fold into assay buffer for an intermediate dilution of 10% DMSO in assay buffer and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction so that the final concentration of DMSO is 1% in the reactions of the control compound and NAMPT only. For NAMPT, the compounds (see 2.2) were preincubated with NAMPT enzyme (see 2.3.1) in for 30 minutes. All of the enzymatic reactions were conducted in duplicate at 30° C. for 120 minutes by adding the substrate mixture containing in a 50 μl mixture containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 12.5 mM MgCl2, 20 μM nicotinamide, 40 μM PRPP, 20 μM ATP, 30 μg/mL of alcohol dehydrogenase, 10 μg/mL of NMNAT, 1.5% alcohol, 1 mM DTT, 0.02% BSA, 0.01% Tween 20. The final concentration of DMSO in all reactions was 1%. Fluorescence intensity was measured at an excitation of 340 nm and an emission of 460 nm using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: NAMPT activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The fluorescent intensity data were analyzed using the computer software, GraphPad Prism. In the absence of the compound, the fluorescent intensity (F_(t)) in each data set was defined as 100% activity. In the absence of NAMPT, the fluorescent intensity (F_(b)) in each data set was defined as 0% activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(F−F_(b))/(F_(t)−F_(b)), where F=the fluorescent intensity in the presence of the compound. The values of percentage activity were plotted on a bar graph.

Results for the above experiments are shown in Table 48 and FIG. 17. As will be readily appreciated, the representative composition had an inhibitory effect on NAMPT.

TABLE 49 NAMPT Activity Background (Fluorescence (Fluorescence Intensity) count) % Activity Re- Re- Re- Re- Re- Re- % peat peat peat peat peat peat Inhi- Compound 1 2 1 2 1 2 bition No Compound 3507 3493  476  474 100 100   0 33890000X11020, 3512 3494  508  516  99  99   1 0.0004% 33890000X11020, 3493 3515  737  715  91  92   8 0.002% 33890000X11020, 3625 3633 1657 1646  65  65  35 0.01% FK-866, 0.001 μM 3328 3345  450  442  95  96   4 FK-866, 0.01 μM 1750 1766  454  461  42  43  57 FK-866, 0.1 μM  463  468  440  442   0   0 100 Background  452  460  438  442 PCSK9:

In further experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on binding of recombinant human PCSK9 and LDLR using an in vitro ELISA.

The reagents used are shown in Tables 49-50 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (Anti-PCSK9 was used as a reference compound).

TABLE 50 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and lot#33890000X11020 0.1% Anti-PCSK9* Solution 15 μM DMSO 0.1, 1 and 10 nM

TABLE 51 Assay Catalog # Lot # Protein (ng/well) PCSK9-Biotin 71304 191212-1 100 LDLR 71205 190927-G  50

Assay Conditions: 5 μl of sample or reference inhibitor was pre-incubated with 25 μl of 1×PCSK9 Assay Buffer in assay wells before starting the reaction by the addition of 20 μl of 2.5 ng/μl PCSK9-Biotin. Reaction was progressed for 2 hours at room temperature. Then, wells were washed three times with 1×PCSK9 Assay Buffer and blocked with Blocking Buffer for 10 minutes. 100 μl of Streptavidin-HRP was added to all wells and incubated for 1 hour. Lastly, plate was emptied, washed three times and blocked before the addition of 100 μl of freshly prepared HRP chemiluminescent substrates to every well. Immediately, the luminescence of the samples was measured in a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Binding activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The luminescence signal was analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the signal in each data set was defined as 100% (Ce) activity. In the absence of ligand (no LDLR), the signal in each data set was defined as 0% (C0) activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C0)/(Ce−C0), where C=the intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table). Compound fluorescence was removed by subtracting fluorescence at reaction time=0.

Results for the PCSK9 binding inhibition assay are shown in Table 51 and FIG. 18. As can be clearly seen form the data, the representative composition had significant inhibitory activity on binding of recombinant human PCSK9 and LDLR.

TABLE 52 Signal (Luminescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 78139 77171 101 99 #33890000X11020, 66611 67834 86 87 13 0.0004% #33890000X11020, 63124 64635 81 83 18  0.002% #33890000X11020, 51675 53641 66 69 32   0.01% Anti-PCSK9, 0.1 nM 73367 73719 94 95 5 Anti-PCSK9, 1 nM 50528 52995 65 68 33 Anti-PCSK9, 10 nM 2614 2593 3 3 97 Blank 304 321 CD47:

In additional experiments, the inventor further sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on the binding activity of recombinant human CD47 (hCD47) with human SIRP-α (hSIRP-α) using an in vitro binding assay.

The reagents used are shown in Tables 52-53 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (Anti-PCSK9 was used as a reference compound).

TABLE 53 Compound Stock Compound I. D. Supplied Concentration Test Range DailyColors blend Solution 1% in 70% 0.01, 0.002, 00004% ethanol SIRP-α Solution 2.15 mg/ml 0.05, 0.5, 5 μM

TABLE 54 Catalog # Protein Proteins (lot #) Reaction hCD47, Fc fusion 71177 100 ng (140429) hSIRP-α, Biotin-labeled 71138 600 ng (150604)

Assay Conditions: CD47 was coated using 50 μL at 2 ng/μL at 4° C. overnight. After wash and block steps the test compounds were added to CD47-coated plate followed by addition of SIRP-α-biotin. Reaction was incubated for 2 h at room temperature. Binding was detected using HRP-conjugated Streptavidin.

Data Analysis: Binding assays were performed in duplicate at each concentration. The luminescence data were analyzed using the computer software, GraphPad Prism. Percent inhibition was determined by normalizing the data to signal from negative control wells (uncoated wells treated with the biotinylated ligand, set as 100% inhibition) and positive control wells (coated wells treated with the biotinylated ligand in the absence of any inhibitor, set as 0% inhibition).

Results for the above experiment are listed in Table 54 and FIG. 19. Once more, it can be seen that the representative composition had significant inhibitory effect on the binding activity of recombinant human CD47 (hCD47) with human SIRP-α.

TABLE 55 Luminescence Activity % Inhi- Compound Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 bition% Negative Control 92 94 Positive Control 36937 38732 98 102 0 0.0004% 36685 38062 97 101 1 DailyColors blend 0.002% 33162 33355 88 88 12 DailyColors blend 0.01% DailyColors 25830 26539 68 70 31 blend 0.05 μM SIRP-α 35347 36581 93 97 5 0.5 μM SIRP-α 19746 19259 52 51 49 5 μM SIRP-α 5310 6891 14 18 84 CD38:

In another set of experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions and fractions thereof as well as a multivitamin mix and other compounds known to affect NAD+ levels had an effect on the hydrolase enzymatic activity of recombinant human CD38 using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 55-59 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*Apigenin was used as reference compound). Table 55 shows the representative composition, while Table 56 shows the colored fractions and multivitamin mix. Here, DC-5=Yellow Blend, DC-9=Purple Blend, DC-21-Green Blend, DC-13=Red Blend DCH-TIV 1.0 (Adult Centrum Multivitamins). The red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, and Elderberry as listed above. Table 57 shows two compounds known to influence NAD+ levels: Commercially available “Elysium Health NAD” and “TrueNiagen”, both containing nicotinamide riboside, while Table 58 shows the representative composition (DCH-TIV-0.5) and a multivitamin composition (DCH-TIV-1.0 (Adult Centrum Multivitamin)). Table 59 shows the enzyme and substrate used in this set of experiments.

TABLE 56 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and lot#33890000X11020 0.1% Apigenin Solution 50 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 57 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range D5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D9 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D13 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D21 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% Apigenin Solution 50 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 58 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-ELY-1.0 Powder 1% (w/y) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 (Elysium Health and 0.01% NAD) DCH-TN-1.0 Powder 1% (w/y) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 (TruNiagen; and 0.01% nicotinamide riboside) Apigenin Solution 50 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 59 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-TIV-0.5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% DCH-TIV-1.0 (Adult Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and Centrum 0.1% Multivitamin) Apigenin Solution 50 mM DMSO 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 60 Enzyme Used Assay Catalog # Enzyme Lot # (ng)/Reaction Substrate CD38 71277 170801-1 20 10 μM ε-NAD

Assay Conditions: 10 μl of the sample or reference inhibitor was added to 20 μl of enzyme solution and pre-incubated for 30 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were started by the addition of 20 μl of the substrate ε-NAD+, for a total reaction volume of 50 μl. Reaction time was 10 minutes, and then fluorescence intensity at an excitation of 300 nm and an emission of 410 nm was read using a Tecan Infinite M1000 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Enzyme activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The fluorescence intensity data were analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the intensity in each data set was defined as 100% (Ce) activity. In the absence of enzyme, the intensity in each data set was defined as 0% (C0) activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C0)/(Ce−C0), where C=the intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table). Compound fluorescence was removed by subtracting fluorescence at reaction time=0.

The results for the above substrates are shown in Tables 60-63 and FIGS. 20-23. More specifically, Table 60 and FIG. 20 show the results where the representative composition was used for inhibition of CD38. As can be readily seen from the data, the representative composition exhibited remarkably strong inhibition. Table 61 and FIG. 21 show the results where the colored fractions of the representative composition was used for inhibition of CD38. Notably, here as well a strong inhibition was observed. Moreover, it should be noted that the colored fractions in the representative composition provided a strong synergistic effect with respect to CD38 inhibition.

Table 62 and FIG. 22 show the results for corresponding experiments where the where the “Elysium Health NAD” and “TrueNiagen” (both containing nicotinamide riboside) were used for inhibition of CD38. Here, both formulations showed inhibition of CD38, however, not to the same extent as for the representative composition. In contrast, Table 63 and FIG. 23 show the results for corresponding experiments where a multivitamin composition was used to inhibit CD38. Here, a direct comparison is shown between the representative composition (DCH-TIV-0.5) and the multivitamin composition (DCH-TIV-1.0 in Table 63, DCH-TIG-1.0 in FIG. 23).

TABLE 61 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 4393 4027 104 96 #33890000X11020, 603 694 14 16 85 0.0004% #33890000X11020, 411 516 10 12 89  0.002% #33890000X11020, 346 311 8 7 92   0.01% Apigenin, 1 μM 3461 3761 82 89 14 Apigenin, 10 μM 647 618 15 14 85 Apigenin, 100 μM 185 135 4 3 96 Blank 3 19 0 0

TABLE 62 Net Signal Inhi- (Fluorescence counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 9204 9171 100 100 D5, 0.0004% 8528 8830 93 96 6 D5, 0.002% 6850 6811 74 74 26 D5, 0.01% 4253 4353 46 47 53 D9, 0.0004% 8679 9582 94 104 1 D9, 0.002% 8327 8618 91 94 8 D9, 0.01% 7801 7614 85 83 16 D13, 0.0004% 4811 5203 52 57 46 D13, 0.002% 5168 5154 56 56 44 D13, 0.01% 3876 3771 42 41 59 D21, 0.0004% 8340 9222 91 100 4 D21, 0.002% 8122 8226 88 90 11 D21, 0.01% 5853 5812 64 63 37 Apigenin, 1 μM 8650 8614 94 94 6 Apigenin, 10 μM 4670 5416 51 59 45 Apigenin, 100 μM 1979 2165 21 23 78 Blank 29 25

TABLE 63 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 13504 13458 100 100 0 DCH-ELY-1,0, 0.01% 1736 1733 13 13 87 DCH-ELY-1.0, 0.002% 4571 4564 34 34 66 DCH-ELY-1.0, 0.0004% 8806 8767 65 65 35 DCH-TN-1.0, 0.01% 1742 1722 13 13 87 DCH-TN-1.0, 0.002% 3776 3716 28 27 72 DCH-TN-1.0, 0.0004% 7650 7587 57 56 44 Apigenin, 1 μM 11531 11647 86 86 14 Apigenin, 10 μM 7118 7228 53 54 47 Apigenin, 100 μM 5012 5473 37 40 61 Blank 30 29

TABLE 64 Net Signal (Fluorescence Inhi- counts) Activity (%) bition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 4383 4355 100 100 0 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.0004% 838 810 18 18 82 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.002% 653 541 14 12 87 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.01% 240 296 5 6 95 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.0004% 4371 4320 100 99 1 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.002% 4168 4209 95 96 4 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.01% 3812 3744 87 86 14 Apigenin, 1 μM 4138 3883 95 89 8 Apigenin, 10 μM 3091 3057 70 70 30 Apigenin, 100 μM 632 728 14 16 85 Blank 52 23 JAK1/JAK2/JAK3:

In further experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions and fractions thereof had an effect on the enzymatic activities of the recombinant human kinases JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 64-66 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*Apigenin was used as reference compound). Table 64 shows the representative composition, while Table 65 shows the colored fractions. Here, DC-5=Yellow Blend, DC-9=Purple Blend, DC-21-Green Blend, DC-13=Red Blend. The red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, and Elderberry as listed above. Staurosporine was used as a reference compound. Table 66 lists the enzymes and substrates used in the assays.

TABLE 65 Stock Dis- Inter- Compound Concen- solving Test mediate Compound I.D. Supplied tration Solvent Range Dilution DailyColors Blend solution 1% 70% 0.01%,  Water Lot (w/v) EtOH 0.002%, #33890000X11020  0.0004%  Staurosporine solution 1 mM DMSO 0.001 μM, 10 %  0.01 μM, DMSO   0.1 μM  (aq)

TABLE 66 Com- Stock Dis- Inter- Compound pound Concen- solving mediate I.D. Supplied tration Solvent Test Range Dilution DC-5 solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water (w/v) EtOH 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-9 solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water (w/v) EtOH 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-13 solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water (w/v) EtOH 0.002%, 0.0004% DC-21 solution 1% 70% 0.01%, Water (w/v) EtOH 0.002%, 0.0004% Staurosporine solution 1 mM DMSO 30 nM-3 μM 10 % DMSO (aq)

TABLE 67 Catalog # Enzyme Used (ng)/ Assay (Lot #) Reaction Substrate Jak 1 40449 100 0.1 mg/ml, IRS1-tide/ (190919-3) 10 μM ATP Jak 2 40450  50 0.2 mg/ml Poly (Glu, Tyr)/ (190603-G) 10 μM ATP Jak 3 40452  10 0.2 mg/ml Poly (Glu, Tyr)/ (150921-B2) 10 μM ATP

Assay Conditions: The assay was performed using Kinase-Glo Plus luminescence kinase assay kit (Promega). It measures kinase activity by quantitating the amount of ATP remaining in solution following a kinase reaction. The luminescent signal from the assay is correlated with the amount of ATP present and is inversely correlated with the amount of kinase activity. The reference compound was diluted as noted. The compound was diluted in water and 5 μl of the dilution was added to a 50 μl reaction. All of the enzymatic reactions were conducted at 30° C. for 45 minutes. The 50 μl reaction mixture contains 40 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mg/ml BSA, 1 mM DTT, 10 μM ATP, Kinase substrate and the respective enzyme. After the enzymatic reaction, 50 μl of Kinase-Glo Plus Luminescence kinase assay solution (Promega) was added to each reaction and incubate the plate for 15 minutes at room temperature. Luminescence signal was measured using a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader.

Data Analysis: Kinase activity assays were performed in duplicate at each concentration. The luminescence data were analyzed using the computer software, GraphPad Prism. The difference between luminescence intensities in the absence of Kinase (Lut) and in the presence of Kinase (Luc) was defined as 100% activity (Lut−Luc). Using luminescence signal (Lu) in the presence of the compound, % activity was calculated as: % activity={(Lut−Lu)/(Lut−Luc)}×100%, where Lu=the luminescence intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table).

The results for inhibition using the representative composition are shown in Tables 67-69 and FIGS. 24-26. Table 67 and FIG. 24 show results for JAK1 inhibition using the representative composition. Table 68 and FIG. 25 show results for JAK2 inhibition using the representative composition. Table 69 and FIG. 26 show results for JAK3 inhibition using the representative composition. As can be readily taken from these results, the inhibition of all three tested JAK kinases was significant and substantial, matching or exceeding the inhibition provided by the reference compound.

TABLE 68 Kinase Activity % Luminescence % Activity Inhi- Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 bition No Compound 24012 26135 107 93 0.0004% DailyColors Blend 25706 26483 96 91 6 0.002% DailyColors Blend 37313 38359 23 16 81 0.01% DailyColors Blend 42256 42457 0 0 100 0.001 μM Staurosporine 25176 27054 99 87 7 0.01 μM Staurosporine 37642 35358 21 35 72 0.1 μM Staurosporine 40161 40781 5 1 97 Background 40868 40953

TABLE 69 Kinase Activity % Luminescence % Activity Inhi- Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 bition No Compound 20027 20151 100 100 0.0004% DailyColors Blend 35932 34651 21 27 76 0.002% DailyColors Blend 36319 36342 19 19 81 0.01% DailyColors Blend 41665 40587 0 0 100 0.001 μM Staurosporine 19100 20922 105 96 0 0.01 μM Staurosporine 36988 36554 16 18 83 0.1 μM Staurosporine 42700 40639 0 0 100 Background 40021 40218

TABLE 70 Kinase Activity % Luminescence % Activity Inhi- Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 bition No Compound 18990 20947 100 95 0.0004% DailyColors Blend 35140 35074 20 21 79 0.002% DailyColors Blend 36502 37407 13 8 89 0.01% DailyColors Blend 39437 41388 0 0 100 0.001 μM Staurosporine 23814 23348 80 82 19 0.01 μM Staurosporine 32137 32417 36 35 65 0.1 μM Staurosporine 39970 40121 0 0 100 Background 38815 39237

Tables 70-72 and FIGS. 27-29 show corresponding results for the colored fractions. Here, Table 70 shows results for JAK1 inhibition using colored fractions of the representative composition. Table 71 shows results for JAK2 inhibition using colored fractions of the representative composition, and Table 72 shows results for JAK3 inhibition using colored fractions of the representative composition. Table 73 is a summary table of the results in Tables 70-72. Notably, a synergistic effect on inhibition against all three JAK kinases was observed at high concentrations where all colored fractions were used together in the representative composition as compared to individual colored fractions. Moreover, it should once more be noted that the compositions presented herein had similar inhibitory properties as compared to the reference compound.

TABLE 71 Kinase Activity Luminescence % Activity Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 No Compound 19821 17710 95 105 DC-5, 0.0004% 20319 18662 92 101 DC-5, 0.002% 21569 20952 86 89 DC-5, 0.01% 27118 24076 59 74 DC-9, 0.0004% 22093 20295 84 93 DC-9, 0.002% 31746 29312 37 49 DC-9, 0.01% 37123 35475 10 18 DC-13, 0.0004% 27065 25415 59 68 DC-13, 0.002% 37759 34432 7 24 DC-13, 0.01% 36702 35308 12 19 DC-21, 0.0004% 16635 19342 110 97 DC-21, 0.002% 17067 20286 108 93 DC-21,0.01% 23118 25700 79 66 Staurosporine, 1 nM 21164 24810 88 70 Staurosporine, 10 nM 28640 32000 52 35 Staurosporine, 100 nM 36908 39509 11 0 Background 39443 39051

TABLE 72 Kinase Activity Luminescence % Activity Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 No Compound 5301 6612 102 98 DC-5, 0.0004% 6760 6751 98 98 DC-5, 0.002% 7887 9950 94 88 DC-5, 0.01% 9442 8832 89 91 DC-9, 0.0004% 17918 16309 63 68 DC-9, 0.002% 33289 32043 16 20 DC-9, 0.01% 34796 35989 12 8 DC-13, 0.0004% 30946 29748 24 27 DC-13, 0.002% 35743 34642 9 12 DC-13, 0.01% 36184 36167 7 8 DC-21, 0.0004% 6344 8335 99 93 DC-21, 0.002% 7862 9809 94 88 DC-21, 0.01% 13577 16488 77 68 Staurosporine, 1 nM 9482 10430 89 86 Staurosporine, 10 nM 17529 16180 65 69 Staurosporine, 100 nM 34660 34762 12 12 Background 39026 38243

TABLE 73 Kinase Activity Luminescence % Activity Compounds Repeat1 Repeat2 Repeat1 Repeat2 No Compound 16444 18933 106 94 DC-5, 0.0004% 18578 17845 96 99 DC-5, 0.002% 19889 20404 89 87 DC-5, 0.01% 22322 22047 78 79 DC-9, 0.0004% 30974 32880 37 27 DC-9, 0.002% 34085 35077 22 17 DC-9, 0.01% 34611 35273 19 16 DC-13, 0.0004% 34002 34554 22 19 DC-13, 0.002% 35870 36421 13 11 DC-13, 0.01% 36418 36584 11 10 DC-21, 0.0004% 16774 19477 104 91 DC-21, 0.002% 18739 21558 95 82 DC-21, 0.01% 23945 29444 70 44 Staurosporine, 1 nM 21050 24827 84 66 Staurosporine, 10 nM 32876 34538 27 20 Staurosporine, 100 nM 37496 39233 5 0 Background 39074 38166

TABLE 74 % Inhibition Compounds JAK1 JAK2 JAK3 DC-5, 0.0004% 4 2 2 DC-5, 0.002% 12 9 12 DC-5, 0.01% 33 10 21 DC-9, 0.0004% 12 34 68 DC-9, 0.002% 57 82 81 DC-9, 0.01% 86 90 82 DC-13, 0.0004% 36 75 79 DC-13, 0.002% 85 89 88 DC-13, 0.01% 84 92 90 DC-21, 0.0004% 0 4 2 DC-21, 0.002% 0 9 12 DC-21, 0.01% 28 28 43 Staurosporine, 1 nM 21 12 25 Staurosporine, 10 nM 56 33 77 Staurosporine, 100 nM 94 88 97 CD39:

In further experiments, the inventor sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on the enzymatic activity of recombinant human CD39 using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 74-77 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*POM-1 was used as reference compound). Table 74 shows the representative composition at standard concentrations, and Table 75 shows the representative composition at low concentrations. Table 76 shows colored fractions of the representative composition at standard concentrations. Here, D5 is the Yellow Blend, D9 is the Purple Blend, D21 is the Green Blend, D13 is the Red Blend, and D31 is CBD. As before, the red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, Elderberry. Table 77 lists CD39.

TABLE 75 Form Stock Dissolving Test Compound Supplied Conc. Solvent Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% 0.0004, 0.002 lot#33890000X11020 EtOH and 0.01% POM-1* Powder 1 mM Water 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

TABLE 76 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.00000046, lot#33890000X11020 0.000014, 0.00004, 0.00013, and 0.0004% POM-1* Powder 1 mM Water 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

TABLE 77 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range D5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D9 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D13 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D21 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D31 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% POM-1* Powder 1 mM Water 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM AMPCP* Powder 100 mM Water 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 78 Enzyme Used Assay Catalog # Enzyme Lot # (ng)/Reaction Substrate CD39 71284 180406 10 70 μM ATP

Assay Conditions: In general, all assays points were done by following the CD39 and CD73 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit protocol (BPS Bioscience, #79278 and 72055, respectively). The CD39 enzymatic reactions were conducted in duplicate at room temperature for 30 minutes in a 50 μl mixture containing assay buffer, ATP, CD39 enzymes, and the test compound. Test compounds were preincubated with the enzyme for 30 minutes. Reactions were started by addition of the substrate. The 50 μl reactions were carried out in a 96-well transparent plate. After enzymatic reactions, 100 μl of Colorimetric Detection Reagent was added to the reaction mix. After a 15 minutes incubation, absorbance was measured using a Tecan plate reader at 630 nm.

Data Analysis: Enzyme activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The Absorbance intensity data were analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the intensity in each data set was defined as 100% (Ce) activity. In the absence of enzyme, the intensity in each data set was defined as 0% (C0) activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C0)/(Ce−C0), where C=the intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table).

Remarkably high and significant inhibitory activity was found for CD39 across all tested concentrations as is shown in Tables 77-78 below, with Table 78 and FIG. 27 depicting the results for standard concentrations and Table 79 and FIG. 28 showing results for low concentrations. As can be readily seen from the results, inhibition relative to the reference inhibitor was unexpectedly strong relative to known reference inhibitor POM-1. Notably, the IC50 concentration for the composition was at 0.000044%. When tested for inhibitory activity for the colored fractions, the inhibitory activity partitioned partially, but not completely, to selected fractions as can be seen from the results in Table 80 and FIG. 29.

TABLE 79 Net Activity CD39 absorbance (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.51 0.55 95 105 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.01 0.01 1 1 99 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 0.01 0.01 2 2 98 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 0.02 0.01 3 2 98 POM-1, 0.001 μM 0.42 0.41 79 78 21 POM-1, 0.01 μM 0.26 0.30 49 56 47 POM-1, 0.1 μM 0.08 0.10 14 19 84 Blank 0.00 0.00

TABLE 80 Net Activity absorbance (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.289 0.277 102 98 HP Color Blend, 0.0000046% 0.247 0.227 87 80 16 HP Color Blend, 0.000014% 0.236 0.226 83 80 18 HP Color Blend, 0.000044% 0.138 0.149 48 53 49 HP Color Blend, 0.00013% 0.040 0.043 14 15 85 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.025 0.024 8 8 92 POM-1, 0.001 μM 0.281 0.254 99 90 5 POM-1, 0.01 μM 0.154 0.145 54 51 47 POM-1, 0.1 μM 0.073 0.073 26 26 74 Blank 0.001 0.001

TABLE 81 Net absorbance Activity (%) Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 Inhibition (%) No compound 0.54 0.53 100 100 D5, 0.0004% 0.48 0.44 88 81 15 D5, 0.002% 0.48 0.44 90 83 14 D5, 0.01% 0.48 0.48 90 89 11 D9, 0.0004% 0.43 0.41 80 77 21 D9, 0.002% 0.30 0.31 56 57 44 D9, 0.01% 0.20 0.21 37 38 62 D13, 0.0004% 0.01 0.01 1 1 99 D13, 0.002% 0.00 0.01 0 2 99 D13, 0.01% 0.01 0.00 1 0 99 D21, 0.0004% 0.26 0.26 49 49 51 D21, 0.002% 0.23 0.25 42 46 56 D21, 0.01% 0.25 0.22 47 40 57 D31, 0.0004% 0.50 0.49 93 91 8 D31, 0.002% 0.48 0.49 90 92 9 D31, 0.01% 0.52 0.55 96 103 1 POM-1, 0.001 μM 0.51 0.49 96 92 6 POM-1, 0.01 μM 0.19 0.20 36 37 64 POM-1, 0.1 μM 0.08 0.06 16 10 87 Blank 0.00 0.00

The inventor then further investigated whether one or more specific plant materials and their polyphenols were associated with the inhibitory activity against CD39. To that end, the inventor tested two components of the red colored blend: Apple Extract (DCH-IC50×) and Pomegranate extract (DCH-IC50Y) at the low concentration ranges as shown in Table 81 with otherwise identical assay conditions. Results are shown in Table 82 and FIG. 30.

TABLE 82 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-IC50X Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0000046, 0.000014, (Apple Extract of 0.00004, 0.00013, RED Blend) and 0.0004% DCH-IC50Y Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH (Pomegranate Extract of RED Blend) POM-1* Powder 1 mM Water 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

TABLE 83 Net Activity absorbance (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.30 0.29 102 98 0 DCH-IC50X, 0.0000046% 0.28 0.28 95 95 5 DCH-IC50X, 0.000014% 0.28 0.27 97 92 6 DCH-IC50X, 0.00004% 0.27 0.27 92 91 8 DCH-IC50X, 0.00013% 0.27 0.26 91 88 11 DCH-IC50X, 0.0004% 0.25 0.26 85 88 13 DCH-IC50Y, 0.0000046% 0.07 0.07 22 24 77 DCH-IC50Y, 0.000014% 0.03 0.03 8 8 92 DCH-IC50Y, 0.00004% 0.03 0.03 7 8 92 DCH-IC50Y, 0.00013% 0.03 0.03 8 9 91 DCH-IC50Y, 0.0004% 0.03 0.03 9 10 91 POM-1, 0.001 μM 0.25 0.26 86 89 13 POM-1, 0.01 μM 0.20 0.19 67 66 33 POM-1, 0.1 μM 0.09 0.09 30 29 70 Blank 0.01 0.00

In still further experiments, the inventor also investigated whether CD39 could also be inhibited by a multivitamin mix. To that end, a comparative experiment was conducted between a multivitamin mix (denoted as DCH-TIV-1.0 (Adult Centrum Multivitamin)) and the representative composition (denoted as DCH-TIC-0.5) using the same experimental procedure for CD39 as described above. The compositions are shown in Table 83.

TABLE 84 Form Stock Dissolving Sample Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-TIC-0.5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% DCH-TIV-1.0 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% (Adult Centrum Multivitamin) POM-1* Solution 1 mM Water 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 μM

The results for this comparison are shown in Table 84 and FIG. 31. As can be clearly seen form the results, the representative composition had very strong inhibitory effect on CD39 whereas the multivitamin composition had substantially no significant inhibitory effect.

TABLE 85 Net Signal (Absorbance) Activity (%) Inhibition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 0.32 0.32 99 101 0 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.0004% 0.04 0.04 9 10 90 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.002% 0.04 0.04 10 9 91 DCH-TIC-0.5, 0.01% 0.05 0.05 15 15 85 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.0004% 0.30 0.30 93 92 8 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.002% 0.30 0.29 92 91 8 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.01% 0.31 0.31 96 98 3 POM-1, 0.001 μM 0.27 0.29 85 89 13 POM-1, 0.01 μM 0.21 0.22 65 68 34 POM-1, 0.1 μM 0.13 0.13 39 38 61 Blank 0.01 0.01 CD73:

In still further experiments, the inventor further sought to determine whether the representative compositions had an effect on the enzymatic activity of recombinant human CD73 using an in vitro enzymatic assay.

Reagents used are shown in Tables 85-89 below and tested as stated unless indicated otherwise (*AMPCP or Quercetin were used as reference compound). Table 85 shows the representative composition at standard concentrations, and Table 86 shows colored fractions of the representative composition at standard concentrations. Here, D5 is the Yellow Blend, D9 is the Purple Blend, D21 is the Green Blend, D13 is the Red Blend, and D31 is CBD. As before, the red blend included Apple Extract, Pomegranate Extract, Tomato Powder, Beet; the green blend included Olive Extract, Rosemary Extract, Green Coffee Bean Extract, Kale; the orange/yellow blend included Onion Extract, Ginger Extract, Grapefruit Extract, Carrot; and the purple/blue blend included Grape, Blueberry Extract, Currant, Elderberry. Table 87 lists CD73.

TABLE 86 Form Stock Dissolving Compound Supplied Conc. Solvent Test Range HP Color Blend Powder  1% 70% 0.0004, 0.002 lot#33890000X11020 (w/v) EtOH and 0.01% Quercetin* Powder 100 Water 1, 10 and mM 100 μM

TABLE 87 Form Stock Conc. Sample Supplied Solvent Dissolving Test Range D5 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D9 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D13 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D21 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% D31 Powder 1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.0004, 0.002 and 0.01% AMPCP* Powder 100 mM Water 1, 10 and 100 μM

TABLE 88 Enzyme Used Assay Catalog # Enzyme Lot # (ng)/Reaction Substrate CD73 71184 190123 3 100 μM ADP

Assay Conditions: In general, all assays points were done by following the CD39 and CD73 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit protocol (BPS Bioscience, #79278 and 72055, respectively). The CD73 enzymatic reactions were conducted in duplicate at room temperature for 30 minutes in a 50 μl mixture containing assay buffer, ADP, CD73 enzymes, and the test compound. Test compounds were preincubated with the enzyme for 30 minutes. Reactions were started by addition of the substrate. The 50 μl reactions were carried out in a 96-well transparent plate. After enzymatic reactions, 100 μl of Colorimetric Detection Reagent was added to the reaction mix. After a 15 minutes incubation, absorbance was measured using a Tecan plate reader at 630 nm.

Data Analysis: Enzyme activity assays were performed in duplicates at each concentration. The Absorbance intensity data were analyzed and compared. In the absence of the compound, the intensity in each data set was defined as 100% (Ce) activity. In the absence of enzyme, the intensity in each data set was defined as 0% (C0) activity. The percent activity in the presence of each compound was calculated according to the following equation: % activity=(C−C0)/(Ce−C0), where C=the intensity in the presence of the compound (all percent activities below zero were shown zero in the table).

As can be see form the results in Tables 88-90, the inhibition of CD73 by the representative composition and its fractions was remarkably high, especially in comparison to the current reference standard. Table 88 and FIG. 32 show the results for CD73 inhibition at standard concentrations and Table 89 and FIG. 33 show the results for CD73 inhibition at low concentrations. Here, the IC50 of the representative composition is at about 0.000044%. Moreover, as can be taken from these results and the results for the colored fractions as shown in Table 90 and FIG. 34, a strong synergy of the colored fractions when used in combination (as in the representative composition) was observed with respect to CD73 inhibition.

TABLE 89 Net Activity CD73 absorbance (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.44 0.43 101 99 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.06 0.06 14 14 86 HP Color Blend, 0.002% 0.03 0.04 7 9 92 HP Color Blend, 0.01% 0.01 0.00 2 1 99 Quercetin, 1 μM 0.40 0.36 92 82 13 Quercetin, 10 μM 0.23 0.25 53 58 44 Quercetin, 100 μM 0.12 0.08 27 17 78 Blank 0.00 0.00

TABLE 90 Net Activity absorbance (%) Inhibition Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 (%) No compound 0.408 0.395 102 98 HP Color Blend, 0.0000046% 0.389 0.388 97 97 3 HP Color Blend, 0.000014% 0.301 0.316 75 79 23 HP Color Blend, 0.000044% 0.169 0.150 42 37 60 HP Color Blend, 0.00013% 0.117 0.153 29 38 67 HP Color Blend, 0.0004% 0.104 0.083 26 20 77 AMPCP, 1 μM 0.368 0.383 92 96 6 AMPCP, 10 μM 0.298 0.306 74 76 25 AMPCP, 100 μM 0.071 0.089 17 22 80 Blank 0.001 0.002

TABLE 91 Net absorbance Activity (%) Condition Rep. 1 Rep.2 Rep. 1 Rep.2 Inhibition (%) No compound 0.33 0.34 99 101 D5, 0.0004% 0.34 0.33 101 97 1 D5, 0.002% 0.33 0.32 100 94 3 D5, 0.01% 0.32 0.32 95 94 5 D9, 0.0004% 0.30 0.27 88 82 15 D9, 0.002% 0.17 0.17 49 51 50 D9, 0.01% 0.01 0.02 3 6 95 D13, 0.0004% 0.28 0.26 83 77 20 D13, 0.002% 0.17 0.19 51 57 46 D13, 0.01% 0.02 0.02 6 5 94 D21, 0.0004% 0.33 0.32 97 96 3 D21, 0.002% 0.33 0.31 98 92 5 D21, 0.01% 0.33 0.34 97 102 1 D31, 0.0004% 0.35 0.34 104 101 0 D31, 0.002% 0.35 0.34 103 100 0 D31, 0.01% 0.35 0.33 106 98 0 AMPCP, 1 μM 0.30 0.30 89 89 11 AMPCP, 10 μM 0.18 0.20 52 59 45 AMPCP, 100 μM 0.04 0.04 13 12 88 Blank 0.01 0.00

To further investigate whether CD73 could also be inhibited by a multivitamin formulation, the inventor performed comparative experiments between the representative composition and a multivitamin composition using the same test procedure as outlined above. Table 91 lists the reagents used in this experiment (DCH-TIV-0.5 denotes the representative composition, and DCH-TIV-1.0 denotes Adult Centrum Multivitamin).

TABLE 92 Form Dissolving Sample Supplied Stock Conc. Solvent Test Range DCH-TIV-0.5 Powder  1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% DCH-TIV-1.0 Powder  1% (w/v) 70% EtOH 0.004, 0.02 and 0.1% (AdultCentrum Multivitamin) AMPCP* Powder 10 mM Water 0.1, 1 and 10 μM

As can be readily seen form the results in Table 92 and FIG. 35 the representative composition had substantial inhibitory activity with regard to CD73, however, only minor inhibitory activity with the multivitamin composition was observed.

TABLE 93 Net Signal (Absorbance) Activity (%) Inhibition Condition Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 (%) No compound 0.18 0.17 101 99 0 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.0004% 0.02 0.02 10 11 89 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.002% 0.01 0.01 4 5 96 DCH-TIV-0.5, 0.01% 0.02 0.02 10 10 90 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.0004% 0.17 0.17 97 95 4 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.002% 0.17 0.16 93 92 7 DCH-TIV-1.0, 0.01% 0.20 0.18 112 103 0 AMPCP, 0.1 μM 0.14 0.17 81 96 12 AMPCP, 1 μM 0.09 0.11 53 64 41 AMPCP, 10 μM 0.04 0.05 20 28 76 Blank 0.00 0.00

In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

As used herein, the term “administering” a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition refers to both direct and indirect administration of the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition, wherein direct administration of the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition is typically performed by a health care professional (e.g., physician, nurse, dietitian, etc.), and wherein indirect administration includes a step of providing or making available the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition to the health care professional or individual in need thereof for direct administration (e.g., via injection, infusion, oral delivery, topical delivery, etc.). It should further be noted that the terms “prognosing” or “predicting” a condition, a susceptibility for development of a disease, or a response to an intended treatment is meant to cover the act of predicting or the prediction (but not treatment or diagnosis of) the condition, susceptibility and/or response, including the rate of progression, improvement, and/or duration of the condition in a subject.

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As also used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term “coupled to” is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with” are used synonymously.

It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification or claims refer to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of reducing an NAD⁺ decrease in an individual, comprising administering to the individual a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color, wherein the combination synergistically inhibits CD38.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the polyphenols are provided in form of the plant materials.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the polyphenols comprise at least one organic acid as listed in Table 2, at least one phenolic compound as listed in Table 3, at least one flavonoid as listed in Table 4, at least one anthocyanin as listed in Table 5, at least one chlorogenic acid as listed in Table 6, at least one betacyanin as listed in Table 7, and/or at least one amino acid/alkaloid as listed in Table
 8. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of administering comprises oral administration to a mammal.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the polyphenols are administered at a daily dosage of between 50 and 1,000 mg.
 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a step of co-administering to the mammal a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the synergistic combination of polyphenols further inhibit at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the synergistic combination of polyphenols further inhibit at least two enzymes selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the synergistic combination of polyphenols further inhibit at least three enzymes selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein administration of the synergistic combination of polyphenols reduces conditions associated with CD38 overactivity.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein administration of the synergistic combination of polyphenols supports energy metabolism and/or immunity.
 13. A composition for reducing an NAD⁺ decrease in an individual, comprising a synergistic combination of polyphenols from plant materials having a red color, a green color, an orange-yellow color, and a purple-blue color, wherein the combination synergistically inhibits CD38.
 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the polyphenols are provided in form of the plant materials.
 15. The composition of claim 13 or claim 14 wherein the red colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an apple extract, a pomegranate extract, a tomato powder, and a beet root powder, wherein the green colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an olive extract, a rosemary extract, a green coffee bean extract, and a kale powder, wherein the orange-yellow colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of an onion extract, a ginger extract, a grapefruit extract, and a carrot powder, and wherein the purple-blue colored plant materials are selected from the group consisting of a grape extract, a blueberry extract, a currant powder, and an elderberry powder.
 16. The composition of claim 13 wherein the polyphenols comprise at least one organic acid as listed in Table 2, at least one phenolic compound as listed in Table 3, at least one flavonoid as listed in Table 4, at least one anthocyanin as listed in Table 5, at least one chlorogenic acid as listed in Table 6, at least one betacyanin as listed in Table 7, and/or at least one amino acid/alkaloid as listed in Table
 8. 17. The composition of claim 13 further comprising a vitamin, a dietary trace element or mineral, a nicotinamide riboside, a probiotic, and/or a prebiotic.
 18. The composition of claim 13 wherein the synergistic combination of polyphenols further inhibits at least one enzyme selected from the group consisting of BACE1, CD73, CDK5, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, ARG-1, ARG-2, SIRT-1, CD39, IDO1, IDO2, NAMPT, PCSK9, CD47, and Cathepsin S.
 19. The composition of claim 13 wherein administration of the synergistic combination of polyphenols reduces conditions associated with CD38 overactivity.
 20. The composition of claim 13 wherein administration of the synergistic combination of polyphenols supports energy metabolism and/or immunity. 